Events on Mar 19
- 1227Count Ugolino of Segna elected Pope Gregory IX
- 1452Frederick III of Hapsburg crowned Roman German Emperor
- 1524Giovanni de Varrazano of France sights land around area of Carolinas
- 1540Court of Holland names Amsterdam sheriff John Hubrechtsz a "heretic"
- 1563Peace of Amboise: Rights for Huguenots
- 1571Spanish troops occupy Manila
- 1628Massachusetts colony founded by Englishmen
- 1644200 members of Peking imperial family / court commit suicide
- 1682Nationally Council accept independence of French church
- 1748English Naturalization Act passes granting Jews right to colonize US
- 17754 people buried by avalanche for 37 days, 3 survive (Italy)
- 1775Poland and Prussia sign trade agreement
- 1803Johann von Schillers "Die Braut von Messina, " premieres in Weimar
- 1822Boston, Mass incorporated as a city
- 18311st US bank robbery (City Bank, New York / $245,000)
- 1859Opera "Faust" by Charles Gounod premieres in Paris
- 1864Opera "Mireille" premieres in Paris
- 1865Battle of Bentonville-Confederates retreat from Greenville, North Carolina
- 1866Immigrant ship Monarch of the Seas sinks in Liverpool; 738 die
- 1870The opera "Guarany, " premieres in Milan
- 1877Australia beat England by 45 runs in very 1st Test match
- 1883Jan Matzeliger invents 1st machine to manufacture entire shoes
- 1885Louis Riel returns to Canada, proclaims provisional Government of Saskatchewan
- 1895Los Angeles Railway established to provide streetcar service
- 1897Yale defeated Penn, 30-10 in 1st major college basketball game
- 1914Stanley Cup: Tor Blueshirts (NHA) sweep Vict Capitals (PCHA) in 3 game
- 1915Pluto photographed for 1st time (although unknown at the time)
- 1917US Supreme Court upheld 8-hr work day for railroad employees
- 1918Congress authorizes time zones and approves daylight saving time
- 1918S Potter becomes 1st US pilot to shoot down a German seaplane
Born on Mar 19
- 1503Benedetto Varchi: Italian humanist / historian (Storia Fiorentina)
- 1589William Bradford: Gov of Plymouth colony for 30 years
- 1593Georges de la Tour: French painter
- 1601Alonzo Cano: Spanish painter / sculptor (Cathedral Granada)
- 1604Johan IV: Composer / King of Portugal (1640-56)
- 1610Hasegawa Tohaku: Japanese painter
- 1629Aleksei M Romanov: 1st Romanov tsar of Russia
- 1673Pedro Vaz Rego: Composer
- 1715Charles-Joseph van Helmont: Composer
- 1721Tobias Smollett: Scottish writer, baptized
- 1728Pieter-Jozef Verhaghen: Flemish (court)painter
- 1740Johann Georg Roser: Composer
- 1740Joseph F Weigl: Violin Cellist
- 1742Zacharias H Alewijn: Dutch literary / poet
- 1745Nicolas Sejan: Composer
- 1752Jose Mauricio: Composer
- 1767Leonhard von Call: Composer
- 1777Anton R Falck: Dutch Minister of Education / diplomat
- 1785Pierre-Joseph-Guillaume Zimmermann: Composer
- 1809Fredrik Pacius: Composer
- 1813David Livingstone: Scotland, United Kingdom -- Explorer (found by Stanley in Africa)
- 1816Johannes Josephus Hermanus Verhulst: Composer
- 1817Lewis Henry Little: Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1862
- 1819David Henry Williams: Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1891
- 1821Francis Barretto Spinola: Brigadier General (Union volunteers)
- 1821William Allingham: Irish poet (Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland)
- 1823Cornelis A van Sypesteyn: Dutch Governor of Surinam (1873-82)
- 1827Alexander Shaler: Bvt Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1911
- 1837Robert Daniel Johnston: Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1919
- 1844Ulrika "Minna" Cant-Johnstown: Finnish playwright (Kovan onnen lapsia)
Died on Mar 19
- 1263Hugo of St-Cher / a S Caro: French cardinal
- 1556Lieven van der Maude [Ammonius]: South Netherlands poet, dies at 70
- 1635Pieter Christiaensz Bor: Dutch historian
- 1638Paul Moreelse: Dutch Painter / master builder, dies at about 66
- 1644Si Sang: Last Ming-Emperor of China, commits suicide
- 1687Rene-Robert Cavelier La Salle: French explorer (Louisiana), killed at 43
- 1702Willem III Henry [Dutch William]: King of England / Scot, dies at 51
- 1721Clement XI [Giovanni F Albani]: Italian Pope (1700-21), dies at 71
- 1782Adrien Trudo Sale: Composer, dies at 59
- 1782Louis-Henry Paisible: Composer, dies at 33
- 1796Stephen Storace: Composer, dies at 33
- 1797Philip Hayes: Composer, dies at 58
- 1811Frantisek Adam Mica: Composer, dies at 65
- 1845George Augustus Kollmann: Composer, dies at 56
- 1850Adalbert Gyrowetz: Composer, dies at 87
- 1862F Wilhelm von Schadow: German Painter (Modern Vasari), dies at 73
- 1866Louis Clapisson: Composer, dies at 57
- 1869Guillaume Nerenburger: Belgian General (triangulatie), dies at 64
- 1876Jozef Stefani: Composer, dies at 75
- 1884Alfonse Charles Renaud de Vilback: Composer, dies at 54
- 1898Joao da Cruz: Brazilian poet, dies at 26
- 1905Makar Grigori Ekmalyan: Composer, dies at 49
- 1907Thomas Bailey Aldrich: US writer (Stillwater Tragedy), dies at 70
- 1913John Thomas: Composer, dies at 87
- 1918Willem H de Beaufort: Dutch Historian / liberal politician, dies at 73
- 1930Arthur J Balfour: British Theologist / Premier (1902-05), dies at 81
- 1934Anthony J Block: Lawyer (Dutch strafproces), dies at 66
- 1936John Larkin IV: Actor / writer (Charlie Chan in Panama), dies at 63
- 1937Horacio Quiroga: Uruguayan Author / poet, commits suicide at 58
- 1940Gustaaf Sap: Belgian Minister of Economic Affairs, dies at 54
Historical events on March 20
- 1345Saturn / Jupiter / Mars-conjunction: thought "cause of plague epidemic"
- 1598French King Henri IV and Duke van Mercour sign treaty
- 1602United Dutch East Indian Company (VOC) forms
- 1616Walter Raleigh released from Tower of London to seek gold in Guyana
- 1627France and Spain signs accord for fighting protestantism
- 1697Willem de Vlamingh returns to Batavia after exploring "South Land"
- 1760Great Fire of Boston destroys 349 buildings
- 1800French army defeats Turks at Helipolis Turkey, and advance to Cairo
- 1814Prince Willem Frederik becomes Monarch of the Netherlands
- 1815Napoleon enters Paris after escape from Elba, begins 100-day rule
- 1816US Supreme Court affirms its right to review state court decisions
- 1833US and Siam sign commercial treaty
- 1848King Louis I of Bayern abdicates to marry dancer Lola Montez
- 1863Battle of Pensacola Florida - evacuated by Federals
- 18652nd day of Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina
- 1868Jesse James Gang robs bank in Russelville Kentucky of $14,000
- 1883Unity treaty of Paris signed: protects industrial property
- 1885John Matzeliger of Suriname patents shoe lacing machine
- 1885Yiddish theater opens in New York with Golldfaden operetta
- 18861st AC power plant in US begins commercial operation, Massachusetts
- 1888Start of the Sherlock Holmes Adventure, "A Scandal in Bohemia"
- 1890German Emperor Wilhelm II fires Republic chancellor Otto Von Bismarck
- 1896Marines land in Nicaragua to protect US citizens
- 1896Uprising in Matabeleland
- 18971st known intercollegiate basketball game, Yale beats Penn 32-10
- 18971st US orthodox Jewish Rabbinical seminary (RIETS) incorporates in New York
- 1897France signs treaty with Emperor Menelik II of Abyssinia
- 1911National Squash Tennis Association forms (NYC)
- 1911Winter Garden Theater opens at 1634 Broadway, New York City
- 19141st international figure-skating tournament held in US, New Haven
Born on March 20
- 1634Balthasar Bekker: Frisian theologist (Examiner of Comets)
- 1728Franciscus L Kersteman: Dutch lawyer / astrologist
- 1739Eligio Celestino: Composer
- 1750Martinus van Marum: Dutch chemist / physicist (Homo Diluvii Testus)
- 1774John Braham: Composer
- 1804Neal Dow: Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1897
- 1811George Caleb Bingham: United States -- Politician / painter (Country Election)
- 1812George Bibb Crittenden: Major General (Confederate Army), died in 1880
- 1813Matthias Keller: Ulm, Germany -- Hymm writer (O Farther un High)
- 1820Alexander J Cuza: Monarch of Moldavia / Wallachia / Romania
- 1823John Echols: Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1896
- 1825William Nelson Rector Beall: Brigadier General (Confederate Army)
- 1826Carel Vosmaer: Dutch art historian / poet / editor
- 1828Henrik Ibsen: Norway -- Playwright (Peer Gynt, Hedda Gabler)
- 1829Charles Albert White: Composer
- 1830Eugene Asa Carr: Bvt Major General (Union Army), died in 1910
- 1833Henry Southwick Perkins: Composer
- 1834Charles William Elliot: Boston, Massachusetts -- President of Harvard (1869-1909)
- 1846Auguste Bender: Writer
- 1853George Godfrey: Chelsea, Massachusetts -- Heavyweight boxer (Old Chocolate)
- 1856Frederick Winslow Taylor: Father of scientific management
- 1863Ernesto Nazareth: Composer
- 1868Obe Postma: Frisian poet / geography / historian (Frisian Clay Farm)
- 1870Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck: Prussian General / politician (East Africa)
- 1872Bernhard Seklas: Composer
- 1872Karin Michaelis: Writer
- 1873Sergei V Rachmaninov: Russian / US pianist / composer (Aleko)
- 1883Colin Campbell: Falkirk, Scotland -- Actress (High Bright Sun, Leather Boys)
- 1883Karl Hasse: Composer
- 1885Eugen Herrigel: Germany -- Philosopher / early pioneer of Zen in Europe
Died on March 20
- 0842Alfonso II the Chaste: King of Asturia (791-842)
- 1191Clement III [Paolo Scolari]: Pope (1187-91, 3rd crusades)
- 1351Mohammed ibn-Tughluq: Sultan of Delhi India
- 1393Johannes Nepomucenus [Jan Nepomucky]: Czech saint, killed
- 1415Henry IV Bolingbroke: King of England (1399-1413), dies at 45
- 1501Jean Carondelet: Lawyer / chancellor of Burgundy (1480-96), dies at 72
- 1531Sicke Freerks / Frericx [Cutter]: Dutch anabaptist, beheaded
- 1549Thomas Seymour of Sudely: English Lord Admiral, beheaded
- 1568Albrecht von Hohenzollern: 1st Duke of Prussia, dies at 77
- 1617Franciscus Aguilon: Physicist / Theologist / mathematician, dies at 50
- 1619Matthias II: Holy Roman Catholic Emperor (1611-19)
- 1646Matthew Vossius: Historian (Annales Holland Zelandiaeque), dies at 35
- 1703Johann Kunckel / Kunkel: German Alchemist / ambassador to Sweden
- 1727Issac Newton: English physicist / astronomer, dies in London at 84
- 1751Frederick Louis: English Prince of Wales / Son of George I
- 1757Johann Paul Kunzen: Composer, dies at 60
- 1767Firmin Abauzit: French huguenot / scholar, dies at 87
- 1804Ignaz Malzat: Composer, dies at 47
- 1812Jan Ladislav Dussek: Bohemian pianist / composer, dies at 52
- 1848Abraham des Amorie van der Hoeven: Dutch Theologist / poet, dies at 27
- 1866Rikard Nordraak: Composer, dies at 23
- 1871Antonio Buzzolla: Composer, dies at 56
- 1873Adolfe Louis Eugene Fetis: Composer, dies at 52
- 1874Hans Christian Lumbye: Composer, dies at 63
- 1892Arthor Goring Thomas: Composer, dies at 41
- 1894Lajos Kossuth: Hungarian freedom fighter / President (1849), dies at 91
- 1899Martha M Place: Of Brooklyn, becomes 1st woman to die by electrocution
- 1911Jean-Theodore Radoux: Composer, dies at 75
- 1913Christian Barnekow: Composer, dies at 75
- 1913Song Jiao-ren: Leader Chinese Guomindang-Party
Events on Mar 21
- 13493,000 Jews killed in Black Death riots in Efurt Germany
- 1421Battle of Beauge-French beat British
- 1492Alonzo Pietro, pilot, sailed with Columbus
- 1610King James I addresses English House of Commons
- 16813rd Exclusion Parliament meets in London
- 1697Czar Peter the Great begins tour through West-Europe
- 1702Queen Anne Stuart addresses English parliament
- 1788Fire destroyed 856 buildings in New Orleans, Louisiana
- 1788Gustavus Vassa petitions Queen Charlotte, to free enslaved Africans
- 1790Thomas Jefferson reports to President Washington in New York as Secretary of State
- 1791Captain Hopley Yeaton of NH becomes 1st commissioned officer in USN
- 1804French civil Code of Napoleon adopted
- 1824Fire at Cairo ammunitions dump kills 4,000 horses
- 1835Charles Darwin and Mariano Gonzales meet at Portillo Pass
- 1843Preacher William Miller of Mass predicts the world will end today
- 1851Yosemite Valley discovered in California
- 1857Earthquake hits Tokyo; about 107,000 die
- 18591st Zoological Society incorporates (Philadelphia)
- 1859Scottish National Gallery opens in Edinburgh
- 1859Zoological Society of Philadelphia, 1st in US, incorporated
- 1860US extradition treaty with Sweden
- 1863Naval Engagement at Havana Cuba-USS Henrick Hudson vs. BR Wild Pigeon
- 1865Battle of Bentonville ends, last Confederate effort to stop Sherman
- 1871Journalist Henry M Stanley begins his famous expedition to Africa
- 18852nd French government of Ferry resigns
- 1890Austrian Jewish communities are defined by law
- 1891A Hatfield marries a McCoy, ends long feud in West Virginia it started with an accusation of pig-stealing and lasted 20 years
- 1899British and French accord about West-Africa
- 1907US invades Honduras
- 1914US Ladies Figure Skating championship won by Theresa Weld
Born on Mar 21
- 1466French van Brederode: Leader Hoeksen
- 1474Angela Merici: Italian monastery founder / Saint
- 1521Mauritius: Duke / nice Monarch of Saksen (1547-53)
- 1527Hermann Finck: Composer
- 1609Jan II Kazimierz: Cardinal / King of Poland (1648-68)
- 1624Francois Roberday: Composer
- 1642Georg Schmezer: Composer
- 1708Caspar Ruetz: Composer
- 1713Francis Lewis: Signer (Declaration of Independence)
- 1716Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger: Composer
- 1763Jean Paul: Writer
- 1765Henry Fagel: Dutch / English Baron / diplomat
- 1768Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier: Mathematician / Egyptologist
- 1779Alexis Garaude: Composer
- 1813James Jesse Strang: King of Mormons on Beaver Island, MI (1850-56)
- 1816Charlotte Bronte: Novelist / poet
- 1820Frank Mori: Composer
- 1836Jesus Monasterio: Composer
- 1863Hugo Kaun: Composer
- 1866Antonia Caetana de Paiva Pereira Maury: Astronomer
- 1869Albert Kahn: Architect ( originated modern factory design)
- 1869Florenz Ziegfeld: Producer (Ziegfield Follies)
- 1878Thurlow Weed Lieurance: Composer
- 1880Hans Hofmann: German / US painter (Search for the Real)
- 1880Wilhelm Pessler: German sociologist
- 1881Hermann Sandby: Composer
- 1882Gilbert M Anderson [Max Aronson]: Little Rock, Arkansas
- 1883Jules van Nuffel: Composer
- 1884George D Birkhoff: US mathematician (Aesthetic measure)
- 1887Edwin Scharff: German "entartet" painter / sculptor
Died on Mar 21
- 1538Hugo: Earl of Leisnig, Governor of Frisia, dies at about 79
- 1556Thomas Cranmer: Archbishop of Canterbury, burned at stake at 66
- 1652Vredius [Olivier de Wree]: Flem Historian / mayor (Brugge), dies at 55
- 1654Johann Neukrantz: Composer, dies at 51
- 1656Armagh James Ussher: Archbishop (said world began 4004 BC), dies at 76
- 1729John Law: Scottish financier, dies at about 57
- 1734Gunther Jacob Wenceslaus: Composer, dies at 48
- 1768Jan J Mauricius: Dutch Governor-General of Suriname (1742-51), dies at 75
- 1793Johann Michael Schmidt: Composer, dies at 51
- 1801Andrea Lucchesi: Composer, dies at 59
- 1810Philippe-Joseph van den Berghe graaf Limmighe: Brabants ships
- 1844Leopold F J J J van Sassen Ysselt: Dutch politician, dies at 65
- 1857Abraham J van der Aa: Lexicographer (Biograph dictionary), dies at 64
- 1863Edwin Vose Sumner: US Union General Major (Fair Oaks), dies at 66
- 1894Jacob Rosenhaim: Composer, dies at 80
- 1916Victor de Stuers: Dutch art expert, dies at 72
- 1920Federigo Tozzi: Ital writer / journalist (Torre, Tre Croci), dies at 37
- 1921"Big Jim" Colisimo: US gangster, murdered by Al Capone
- 1934Franz Schreker: Composer, dies at 55
- 1934Lilyan Tashman: Actor (Bulldog Drummond), dies at 34
- 1936Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov: Composer (Chopiniana), dies at 70
- 1938Oscar Apfel: Actor (Inspiration), dies at 60
- 1939Evald Aav: Composer, dies at 39
- 1941Robert Liefmann: German economist (Kartelle und Trusts), dies at 67
- 1945J Woortman: Dutch resistance fighter, dies in Bergen-Belsen at 39
- 1952Wilhelm Albrecht: German SD-chief, executed
- 1954Harry Lawrence Freeman: Composer, dies at 84
- 1955Muriel Aked: Dies at 67
- 1958Cyril M Kornbluth: US sci-fi writer (Space Merchants), dies at 34
- 1969Gerhart Fritsch: Writer, dies at 44