Events on Mar 23
- 1026Koenraad II crowns himself King of Italy
- 1153Treaty of Konstanz between Frederik I "Barbarossa" andPope Eugene III
- 14901st dated edition of Maimonides "Mishna Torah" published
- 1490Maimonides Mishneh Torah published
- 1568Treaty of Longjumeau: French huguenots go on strike
- 1579Friesland joins Union of Utrecht
- 1593English Congressionalist Henry Barrow accused of slander
- 1630French troops occupy Pinerolo Piedmont
- 1657France and England form alliance against Spain; England gets Dunkirk
- 1708English pretender to the throne James III lands at Firth of Forth
- 1752Pope Stephen II elected to succeed Zacharias, died 2 days later
- 1775Patrick Henry proclaims "Give me liberty or give me death"
- 17941st US patent (Joseph G Pierson for a riveting machine)
- 1794Josiah Pierson patents a "cold-header" (rivet) machine
- 1794Lieutenant General Tadeusz Kosciuszko returns to Poland
- 1801Murder attempt on Czar Paul I
- 1806Lewis and Clark reach Pacific coast
- 1832British Parliament passes reform bill
- 1835Charles Darwin reaches Los Arenales, in the Andes
- 1836Coin Press invented by Franklin Beale
- 18391st known use of term OK (Boston)
- 1840Draper takes 1st successful photo of the Moon (daguerrotype)
- 1849Battle of Novara (King Charles Albert vs. Italian Republic)
- 1858Streetcar patented (E A Gardner of Philadelphia)
- 1862Battle of Kernstown VA-Jackson begins his Valley Campaign
- 1864Encounter at Camden AR
- 1868University of California founded (Oakland, California)
- 1880Flour rolling mill patented (John Stevens of Wisc)
- 1881Boers and Britain sign peace accord; end 1st Boer war
- 1881Gas lamp sets fire to Nice France opera house; 70 die
Born on Mar 23
- 1599Thomas Selle: Composer
- 1638Frederik Ruysch: Dutch anatomist
- 1699John Bartram: Naturalist / explorer, father of American botany
- 1736Iman Willem Falck: Dutch Governor of Ceylon (1765-83)
- 1749Hugo Franz Karl Alexander von Kerpen: Composer
- 1749Pierre-Simon Laplace: Mathematician / astronomer / physicist
- 1750Johannes Matthias Sperger: Composer
- 1761John W de Winter: Dutch Vice-Admiral (Battle at Kamperduin)
- 1769William Smith: Geologist (Strata Identified by Organized Fossils)
- 1795Leopold Jansa: Composer
- 1801Peterus D Regout: Dutch industrialist (Sphinx, Maastricht)
- 1808Jeronimo de Bosch Kemper: Sociologist / historian (Statistic yearbook)
- 1811Camille Marie Stamaty: Composer
- 1811Carl Gottfried Wilhelm Taubert: Composer
- 1818Don Carlos Buell: Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1898
- 1821Aleksej F Pisemski: Russian writer (Clodhopper)
- 1823Schuyler Colfax: (R) 17th VP (1869-73)
- 1825Edward Lloyd Thomas: Brigadier General (Confederate Army) died in 1898
- 1826Leon Minkus: Composer
- 1834Julius Reubke: Composer
- 1837Joseph Wieniawski: Composer
- 1844Eugene Gigout: Composer
- 1847Alexandru D Xenopol: Romania -- Historian
- 1854Alfred Milner: Giessen, Germany -- British Governor (Cape colony)
- 1857Fannie Farmer: Actress (namesake of a candy company)
- 1858Ludwig Quidde: German historian / politician (Nobel prize 1927)
- 1863Godfried CE van Daalen: Dutch General / Governor of Atjeh
- 1864Hjalmar Borgstrom: Composer
- 1876Muirhead Bone: Glasgow, Scotland -- Etcher / engraver of architecture
- 1878Franz Schrecker: Composer
Died on Mar 23
- 1237Jan of Brienne: King of Jerusalem / Emperor of Constantinople
- 1369Pedro [the Cruel]: King / tyrant of Castile and Leon, murdered
- 1555Julius III [Giovanni M del Monte]: Pope (1550-55), dies at 67
- 1606Justus Lipsius [Joost Lips]: Dutch classic philologist, dies at 58
- 1658Valentin Dretzel: Composer, dies at 79
- 1669Philipp Buchner: Composer, dies at 54
- 1748Johann Gottfried Walther: German Composer / musicologist, dies at 63
- 1756Georg Gottfried Wagner: Composer, dies at 57
- 1783Gaspard Fritz: Composer, dies at 67
- 1786Patience Wright: 1st US woman pro artist
- 1801Paul I: Tsar of Russia (1796-1801), strangled at 46
- 1806George Frederic Pinto: Composer, dies at 20
- 1809Ferdinand-Philippe-Joseph Staes: Composer, dies at 60
- 1816Ignaz Vitzthumb: Composer, dies at 95
- 1818Nicolas Isouard: Composer, dies at 42
- 1819August v Kotzebue: Writer
- 1821Bernhard Anselm Weber: Pianist / conductor / composer, dies at 56
- 1832Vaclav Vilem Wurfel: Composer, dies at 41
- 1842Stendhal [Marie-Henri Beyle]: French Author (Lamiel), dies at 59
- 1862Karl Robert von Nesselrode: German chancellor, dies at 81
- 1869Charles Lucas: Composer, dies at 60
- 1880Gustav Adolf Mankell: Composer, dies at 67
- 1881Nikolay Rubinstein: Composer, dies at 45
- 1907Constantine P Pobedonostsev: Russian reactionary senator, dies at 79
- 1914Teunis Stoel: Actor, dies at 62
- 1918Cesar Cortinas: Composer, dies at 27
- 1919Jean HL Bossard: Actor / impresario (2 Orphans), dies at 45
- 1925Aleksei Kuropatkin: Russian General / Minister of War, dies at 76
- 1937Helge Rode: Danish Poet / essayist, dies at 66
- 1943Joseph Moiseyevich Schillinger: Composer, dies at 47
Historical events on March 24
- 1379End of Gelderse war victory
- 1545German Parliament opens in Worms
- 1550France and England sign Peace of Boulogne
- 1603Scottish King James VI becomes King James I of England
- 16291st game law passed in American colonies, by Virginia
- 1645Battle at Jankov Bohemia: Sweden beatS RC Emperor Ferdinand III
- 1664Roger Williams is granted a charter to colonize Rhode Island
- 1721Johann Sebastian Bach opens his Brandenburgse Concerts
- 1765Britain enacts Quartering Act, required colonists to provide temporary housing to British soldiers
- 1792Benjamin West (US) becomes President of Royal Academy of London
- 1801Aleksandr P Romanov becomes Emperor of Russia
- 1828Philadelphia and Columbia Railway (1st state owned) authorized
- 1832Mormon Joseph Smith beaten, tarred and feathered in Ohio
- 1837Canada gives blacks the right to vote
- 1848State of siege proclaimed in Amsterdam
- 1855Manhattan Kansas founded as New Boston, Kansas
- 1860Clipper Andrew Jackson arrives in SF, 89 days out of New York
- 1868Metropolitan Life Insurance Co forms
- 1877University boat race between Oxford and Cambridge ends in a dead heat
- 1878British frigate Eurydice sunk; 300 lost
- 1882German Scientist Robert Koch discovers bacillus cause of TB
- 18831st telephone call between New York and Chicago
- 1887Oscar Straus appointed 1st Jewish ambassador from US (to Turkey)
- 1890Start of Sherlock Holmes "The Adventure of Wisteria Lodge" (BG)
- 189437 miners killed at Franklin, Washington
- 18981st automobile sold
- 1906"Census of the British Empire" shows England rules 1 / 5 of the world
- 1913Palace Theater opens at 1564 Broadway, New York City
- 19201st US coast guard air station established (Morehead City NC)
- 1922Grand National at Aintree sees only 3 horses out of 32 starters finish
Born on March 24
- 1188Ferrand of Portugal: Earl of Flanders / Son of Sancho I
- 1441Ernst I: Elector of Saxon (1464-86)
- 1494Georgius Agricola: Germany -- Mineralogist (De Re Metallica)
- 1607Michiel A de Ruyter: Dutch Rear Admiral (St Vincent, Dune)
- 1703Jose F de Isla [Francisco de Salazar]: Spanish Jesuit / writer
- 1714Carlo Giovanni Testori: Composer
- 1732Gian Francesco de Majo: Composer
- 1740John Antes: Composer
- 1749Bernard Jumentier: Composer
- 1755Rufus King: Framer of US constitution
- 1762Marcos Antonio da Fonseca: Portugal -- Opera composer (Portogallo)
- 1797Antonio Rosmini-Serbati: Philosopher / founder (Institute of Charity)
- 1802Jacob van Lennep: Attorney / Dutch MP
- 1809Joseph Liouville: France -- Discover of transcendental numbers
- 1814Galen Clark: United States -- Naturalist / discovered Mariposa Grove
- 1817Aime Maillart: Composer
- 1821[George] Hector Tyndale: Bvt Major General (Union volunteers)
- 1834John Wesley Powell: United States -- Geologist / explorer / ethnologist
- 1834William Morris: England, United Kingdom -- Designer / craftsman / poet / socialist
- 1835Josef Stefan: Austria -- Physicist (Stefan-Boltzmann law)
- 1837Philips: Count of Flanders Belgium
- 1855Andrew W Mellon: Founder (Mellon Bank) / US Secretary of Treasury
- 1855Olive Schreiner: South African writer (Portrait of a South African Woman)
- 1866Jack McAuliffe: US lightweight boxing champ and hall of famer
- 1871Ernest Rutherford: Nuclear Scientist
- 1874Luigi Einaudi: Economist / 1st President of Italy (1948-55)
- 1878Top Naeff [Anthonetta van Rhijn-N-Naeff]: Dutch writer
- 1883James I Wedgwood: British theosophist / old-Catholic Bishop
- 1884Gino Marinuzzi: Composer
- 1884Peter Debye: Holland, Netherlands -- Physical chemist (Nobel 1936)
Died on March 24
- 0809Harun al-Rashid: Caliph of the Abbasid empire (786-809), dies at 44
- 1400Florens Radewijns: Dutch priest / leader Modern Devotion
- 1455Nicholas V [Tommaso Parentucelli]: Italian Pope (1447-55), dies at 57
- 1455Rudolf van Diepholt: Bishop / Cardinal of Utrecht (1448-55)
- 1558Anna van Buren: Countess of Egmond / Buren / Lingen
- 1603Elizabeth I Tudor [Maiden Queen]: UK Queen (1558-1603), dies at 69
- 1631Philipp Dulichius: Composer, dies at 68
- 1635Jacques Callot: French cartoonist / engraver, dies at about 42
- 1644Cecilia Renata: Arch Duchess of Austria
- 1654Samuel Scheidt: German Composer (Concertus sacri), dies at 66
- 1661William Leddra: Last Quaker, hanged in Boston
- 1755Theodor Christleib Reinhold: Composer, dies at 72
- 1823Cornelis van Foreest: Dutch mayor (Alkmaar), dies at 66
- 1825Giovanni Domenico Perotti: Composer, dies at 64
- 1838Thomas Attwood: Composer, dies at 72
- 1842Stendhal [Marie-H Beyle]: French writer (The Love), buried at 59
- 1866Maria Amalia: Of Bourbon-Sicily, Wife of Louis Filips of Austria
- 1877Walter Bagehot: English economist / critic / banker, dies at 51
- 1878Albin Masek: Composer, dies at 73
- 1881Friedrich Hecker: German revolutionary Republic politician, dies at 69
- 1882Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: US Poet (Song of Hiawatha), dies at 75
- 1894Robert Prescott Stewart: Composer, dies at 68
- 1905Jules Verne: Sci-fi Author (Around the World in 80 Days), dies at 77
- 1909John Millington Synge: Irish dramatist / playwright / poet, dies at 37
- 1911Matthew Stanley Robison: President (Cardinals)
- 1918Theophile Ysaye: Composer, dies at 53
- 1921Deodat de Severac: Composer, dies at 48
- 1945Thomas Rennie: General Major (Dutch command 51st Highland Division)
- 1946Alexander A Aljechin: World chess champ (1927-35, 37-46), dies at 53
- 1946Gustaf Heintze: Composer, dies at 66
Events on Mar 25
- 0001Origin of Dionysian Incarnation of the Word
- 00311st Easter, according to calendar-maker Dionysius Exiguus
- 0421Friday at 12pm - city of Venice founded
- 0708Constantine begins his reign as Catholic Pope
- 1133William the Conqueror orders 1st Domesday Survey of England
- 1306Robert the Bruce crowned King of Scotland
- 1409Council of Pisa opens
- 1571Catholic Italian businessman Roberto Ridolfi leaves Enngeland
- 1581Portugese Cortes calls Philip II King of Portugal
- 1609Henry Hudson embarks on an exploration for Dutch East India Company
- 1634Lord Baltimore founded Catholic colony of Maryland
- 1647Cape of Good Hope: tour ship Haerlem stranded in Tafel Bay
- 16681st horse race in America takes place
- 1669Mount Etna in Sicily erupts, destroying Nicolosi, killing 20,000
- 1700England, France and Netherlands ratify 2nd Extermination treaty
- 1753Voltaire leaves the court of Frederik II of Prussia
- 1774English Parliament passes Boston Port Bill
- 1776Continental Congress authorized a medal for George Washington
- 1802France, Netherlands, Spain and England signs Peace of Amiens
- 18071st railway passenger service began in England
- 1807British Parliament abolishes slave trade
- 1807George Canning becomes British Minister of Foreign Affairs
- 18131st US flag flown in battle on the Pacific, frigate Essex
- 1814Netherlands Bank established
- 1817Tsar Alexander I recommends formation of Society of Israeli Christians
- 1820Greece freedom revolt against anti Ottoman attack
- 1821Greece gains independence from Turkey (National Day)
- 1847Pope Pius IX encyclical "On aid for Ireland"
- 1856A E Burnside patents Burnside carbine
- 1857Frederick Laggenheim takes 1st photo of a solar eclipse
Born on Mar 25
- 1133Henry II: King of England (1154-89)
- 1252Konradijn Hohenstaufen [Koenrad van Zwaben]: Son of Konrad IV
- 1495Leonhard Paminger: Composer
- 1532Pietro Pontio: Composer
- 1594Maria Tesselschade Roemers Visscher: Dutch writer
- 1653Joseph Sauveur: French physicist / mathematician
- 1688Johann Gotthilf Ziegler: Composer
- 1699Johann Adolf Hasse: Composer
- 1702Christian Gottlieb Ziegler: Composer
- 1713Jean-Baptiste Canavas: Composer
- 1723Kaat Mussel [Catharina Mulder]: Dutch demonstrater
- 1745Nicolas Etienne Framery: Composer
- 1762Francesco Giuseppi Pollini: Composer
- 1767Joachim Murat: Marshal of France / King of Naples (1808-15)
- 1769Salvatore Vigano: Composer
- 1770Carl Friedrich Ebers: Composer
- 1782Carolina [Maria A] Bonaparte [countess Lipona]: Sister of Napoleon
- 1786Giovanni B Amia: Italian astronomer / physicist / Botanist
- 1797John Winebrenner: United States -- Clergyman that founded the Church of God
- 1800Paulin Paris: French historian
- 1808Jose de Espronceda y Delgado: Spanish revolutionary / poet (Cortes)
- 1818Isaac Ingalls Stevens: Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1862
- 1820Xavier F M G: Earl of Merode, Belgian Minister to Pope (in Rome)
- 1823William Thompson Martin: Major General (Confederate Army), died in 1910
- 1839William Bell Wait: United States -- Educated the blind
- 1867Arturo Toscanini: Parma, Italy -- Temperamental conductor (NBC)
- 1867Gutzon Borglum: Sculptor (Mt Rushmore)
- 1869Gustaaf DFL Schamelhout: Flemish Physician / writer
- 1871John Gutzon Borglum: Sculptor (Mt Rushmore)
- 1872Vito Pardo: Italian sculptor (Columbus monument in Argentina)
Died on Mar 25
- 1223Afonso II: 3rd King of Portugal (1211-23), dies at 36
- 1692Gerardus L Blasius: Flemish anatomist, dies at about 66
- 1697Hendrik Casimir II: King of Nassau-Dietzstadhouder
- 1751Frederik of Hessen Kassel: King of Sweden (1720-51), dies at 74
- 1766Johannes Ritschel: Composer, dies at 26
- 1799Constantin Reindl: Composer, dies at 60
- 1801Anthony Ziesenis: Architect / Sculptor (Camper), dies at 69
- 1801Novalis: Writer, dies at 28
- 1823Coelestin Jungbauer: Composer, dies at 75
- 1825Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck: Dutch patriot / earl, dies at 63
- 1835Friederike Blum: Writer
- 1852Alexis Garaude: Composer, dies at 73
- 1880Joseph Rummel: Composer, dies at 61
- 1880Ludmilla Assing: Writer
- 1909Ruperto Chapi y Lorente: Composer, dies at 57
- 1918Claude A Debussy: French Composer (Iberia / La mer), dies in Paris at 55
- 1937John Drinkwater: English Poet / playwright (Bird in Hand), dies at 54
- 1940Ion Nonna Otescu: Composer, dies at 51
- 1948Warren Hymer: Actor (Show Them No Mercy), dies at 42
- 1949Hanns A Rauter: German SS-commandant in Netherland, executed at 54
- 1956George Luther Foote: Composer, dies at 70
- 1956Robert Newton: Actor (Henry V, Odd Man Out), dies at 50
- 1957Fud Livingston: Composer, dies at 50
- 1958Emerson Whithorne: Composer, dies at 73
- 1959Billy Mayerl: Composer, dies at 56
- 1962Auguste Piccard: Swiss explorer / balloonist, dies at 78
- 1963David Moore: US feather weight boxer, dies at 29
- 1965Giorgio Federico Ghedini: Composer, dies at 72
- 1965Viola Gregg Liuzzo: US civil rights activist, murdered
- 1966Colin Campbell: Actor (Leather Boys), dies at 83