Events on Mar 30

• 0988Boudouin IV with the Beard becomes Earl of Flanders
• 1282Furious inhabitants of Palermo attack French occupation force
• 1422Ketsugan, Zen teacher, performs exorcisms to free aizoji temple
• 1456Prince Louis of Bourbon elected Bishop of Liege
• 1474Duke Sigismund van Tirol ends contacts with Switzerland
• 1492King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella sign decree expelling Jews from Spain
• 1533Henry VIII divorces his 1st wife, Catherine of Aragon
• 1533Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
• 1603Battle at Mellifont: English army under Lord Mountjoy beats Irish
• 1778Playwright Voltaire crowned with laurel wreath
• 1814Britain and allies march into Paris after defeating Napoleon
• 1822Congress combined East and West Florida into Florida Territory
• 1842Ether was used as an anaesthetic for 1st time by Dr Crawford Long (Ga)
• 1856Russia signs Peace of Paris, ending the Crimean War
• 1858Pencil with attached eraser patented (Hyman L Lipman of Philadelphia)
• 1864Skirmish at Mount Elba, Arkansas
• 187015th Amendment passes, guarantees right to vote regardless of race
• 1870Texas becomes last confederate state readmitted to Union
• 1889John T Reid opens 1st US golf course (Yonkers, NY)
• 1893Thomas F Bayard becomes 1st US ambassador in Great Britain
• 1895British inventor Birt Acres films Oxford-Cambridge
• 1900Dutch 2nd Chamber accepts Compulsory education law
• 1909Queensboro Bridge opens, linking Manhattan and Queens
• 1912French protectorate in Morocco established
• 1916Stanley Cup: Montreal Canadiens (NHA) beat Portland Rosebuds (PCHA), 3 games to 2
• 1918Stanley Cup: Toronto Arenas (NHL) beat Vancouver Millionaires (PCHA), 3 games to 2
• 1919Gandhi announces resistance against Rowlatt Act
• 1922KGY-AM in Olympia WA begins radio transmissions
• 1922WWL-AM in New Orleans LA begins radio transmissions
• 1923Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, formed at Howard University in 1920, incorporates

Born on Mar 30

• 1222Nichiren: Japan -- Buddhist priest / Saint
• 1672Peter I "the Great" Romanov: Great tsar of Russia (1682-1725)
• 1674Jethro Tull: Agricultural writer (Basildon), baptised
• 1681Pieter Snyers: Flemish painter / engraver
• 1687Johann Balthasar Freisslich: Composer
• 1697John-Baptist Xavery: Flemish sculptor
• 1719John Hawkins: England, United Kingdom -- Wrote 1st history of music
• 1727Tommaso MFS Traetta: Italian opera composer / band leader (Farnace)
• 1746Francisco Jose de Goya: Fuendetodos, Spain -- Painter / etcher (Naked Maja)
• 1750John Stafford Smith: Composer
• 1772Johann Wilhelm Wilms: Composer
• 1804Salomon Sulzer: Composer
• 1805Adrien de La Fage: Composer
• 1811Angelo Catelani: Italian composer / conductor
• 1815Wincenty Studzinski: Composer
• 1823Joseph Farmer Knipe: Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1901
• 1824Innis Newton Palmer: Bvt Major General (Union volunteers)
• 1825Samuel Bell Maxey: Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1895
• 1830Auguste Tolbecque: Composer
• 1830Julius F A Bahnsen: German philosopher
• 1835Bernhard Scholz: Composer
• 1836Karl Freiherr von Stumm-Halberg: German industrialist / politician
• 1842Dr Crawford Long: 1st Physician to use ether as anesthetic
• 1842John Fiske [Edmund Fisk Green]: US historian / philosopher
• 1844Paul M Verlaine: France -- Lyric poet (Sagesse Bonbeur)
• 1864Franz Oppenheimer: German sociologist / politician
• 1865Heinrich Rubens: German physicist
• 1872Sergey Nikiforovich Vasilenko: Composer
• 1876Clifford Whittingham Beers: United States -- Mental hygiene pioneer
• 1882Melanie Klein: Austrian / British psycho analysis

Died on Mar 30

• 0988Arnulf II: Count of Flanders (965-988)
• 1202Joachim Van Fiore: Italian religious founder (Joachimism)
• 1764Pietro Antonio Locatelli: Italian violinist / composer, dies at 68
• 1840George (Beau) Brummell: Dandy
• 1864Louis Alexander Balthasar Schindelmeisser: Composer, dies at 52
• 1871W F A A Louisa / Lovisa: Queen of Sweden / Norway, dies at 42
• 1872Nicolaos Mantzaros: Composer, dies at 76
• 1873Benedict Augustin Morel: Psychologist (dementia praecox), dies at 63
• 1875Marie Moke Pleyel: Composer, dies at 63
• 1879David van der Kellen: Dutch coin engraver, dies at 74
• 1879Thomas Couture: French Painter / author, dies at 63
• 1884Hans Hampel: Composer, dies at 61
• 1906Betsy Perk [Christina E]: Journalist / writer / feminist, dies at 73
• 1912Karl May: German writer (Winnetou / Kara Ben Nemsi), dies at 70
• 1925Rudolf Steiner: Austrian philosopher (anthroposophy), dies at 64
• 1926Feliks E Dzerzjinski: Lithuanian organizer (KGB), dies at 48
• 1942Alfred Coville: French Historian (Lesson Premier Valois), dies at 81
• 1945Karel Moor: Composer, dies at 71
• 1946John S S P V Gort: Viscount of Limerick / Hamsterley, dies at 59
• 1949Friedrich C R Bergius: Chemist (brown coal, Nobel 1931), dies at 64
• 1953Roderich Mojsisovics-Mojsvar: Composer, dies at 75
• 1960Fritz Klimsch: German Sculptor / painter, dies at 90
• 1964Willem CN Andriessen: Dutch Composer / pianist (Beethoven), dies at 76
• 1966Erwin Piscator: German director (Plebeians test rebellion), dies at 72
• 1966Maxfield Parrish: US painter, dies at 95
• 1969Lucien Bianchi: Belgian auto racer, dies at 34
• 1971Selmer Jackson: Actor (Life & Legend of Wyatt Earp), dies at 82
• 1972Gabriel Heather: US news anchor, dies at 81
• 1972Peter Whitney: Actor (Rough Riders), dies at 55
• 1974Ludovicus J Rogier: Dutch Historian (Reborn in Freedom), dies at 79

Historical events on March 31

• 1084Anti-pope Clemens crowns German Emperor Hendrik IV
• 1492Queen Isabella of Castilia and Ferdinand of Aragon expels Jews
• 1504France and Spain signs ceasefire
• 1521Magelhaes takes possession of Homohon, Archipelago of St. Lazarus
• 1547Henry II succeeds Francois I as King of France
• 1644Pope Urbanus VIII and Duke of Parma signs Peace of Ferrara
• 1651Great earthquake at Cuzco Peru
• 1657English Humble Petition offers Lord Protector Cromwell the crown
• 1667France / England signs anti-Dutch military accord
• 1683Emperor Leopold I / Poland signs covenant against Turkey
• 1745Jews are expelled from Prague
• 1796Johann Wolfgang von Goethes "Egmont, " premieres in Weimar
• 1808French created Kingdom of Westphalia orders Jews to adopt family names
• 1814Forces allied against Napoleon capture Paris
• 1831Mainzer Rijnvaart Convention ends
• 1849Colonel John W Geary arrives as 1st postmaster of San Francisco
• 1850US population hits 23,191,876 (Black population: 3,638,808 (15.7%))
• 1854Treaty of Kanagawa: Commodore Perry forces Japan to opens ports to US
• 1861Confederacy takes over mint at New Orleans
• 1862Civil War action at Island #10 on Mississippi River
• 1863Battle of Grand Gulf MS and Dinwiddie Court House, Virginia
• 1865Battle of Boydton, VA (White Oaks Roads, Dinwiddie C H)
• 1865Gen Pickette moves to 5 Forks, abandoning the defense of Peterburg
• 1868Chinese Embassy arrives aboard steamship China
• 18701st black to vote in US (Thomas P Mundy of Perth Amboy NJ)
• 1877British high director / Governor sir Bartle Frere arrives in Cape Town
• 1878Jack Johnson is 1st black to hold a heavyweight boxing title
• 18801st town completely illuminated by electric lighting (Wabash, IN)
• 1883Utrecht begins water pipe system
• 1885Great Britain declares Bechuanaland a protectorate

Born on March 31

• 1519Henry II: King of Germany (1547-59)
• 1570Louise Juliana: Countess of Nassau
• 1621Andrew Marvell: England, United Kingdom -- Poet (To His Coy Mistress)
• 1675Benedict XIV [Prospero L Lambertini]: Italy -- Pope (1740-58)
• 1684Francesco Durante: Composer
• 1717Florian Wrastill: Composer
• 1723Frederik V: King of Denmark / Norway (1746-66)
• 1747Johann A P Schulz: German composer
• 1747Johann Abraham Peter Schulz: German composer (Moon has Risen)
• 1791Franciszek Wincenty Mirecki: Composer
• 1809Edward FitzGerald: England, United Kingdom -- Writer (Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam)
• 1809Nikolai Gogol: Father of 19th-century Russian realism (Dead Souls)
• 1809Otto Jonas Lindblad: Composer
• 1811Robert Wilhelm Eberhard von Bunsen: Germany -- Chemist (Bunsen Burner)
• 1822Rafael Hernando: Composer
• 1831Archibald Scott: Scottish chemist
• 1835John La Farge: US painter
• 1837Robert Ross McBurney: 1st paid Secretary of the YMCA
• 1839Nikolay Przhevalsky: Naturalist, explorer of east central Asia (OS)
• 1840John Herbert Kelly: Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1864
• 1847Jarolslaw Zielinski: Composer
• 1848John Henry Roberts: Composer
• 1854Dugald Clerk: Inventor (2-stroke motorcycle engine)
• 1868Karl Bonhoeffer: German psychiatrist / neurologist
• 1872Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev: Russia -- Dance master (Imperial Ballet)
• 1878Jack Johnson: 1st black heavyweight boxing champ (1908-1915)
• 1885Jules Pascin [Julius Pincas]: Bulgarian / US painter / cartoonist
• 1887Jose Maria Usandizaga: Composer
• 1891Erich Walter Sternberg: Composer
• 1891Ion Pillat: Romaniams poet / senator (Umbra timpului)

Died on March 31

• 1340Ivan I Kalita: Grand-duke of Vladimir
• 1389Everhard Tserclaes: Sheriff of Brussels, murdered
• 1567Philip [the Generous]: Count of Hessen, dies at 62
• 1578Juan de Escobedo: Secretary of Spanish land guardian Don Juan, murdered
• 1621Felipe III: King of Spain (1598-1621), dies at 42
• 1631John Donne: Metaphysical poet
• 1722Campegius Vitringa: Dutch Theologist / exegete, dies at 62
• 1741Peter Burmannus [Peter Burman]: Dutch attorney / classicist, dies at 72
• 1809Franz Joseph Haydn: Composer, dies on 77th birthday
• 1837John Constable: English Painter / water colors painter, dies at 60
• 1850John Calhoun: Dies at 68
• 1877Antoine A Cournot: French Mathematician (rule of C), dies at 75
• 1880Henryk Wieniawski: Polish violist / composer, dies at 44
• 1881Gaetano Gaspari: Composer, dies at 73
• 1884Jan T Beelen: Netherlands / Belgian Catholic bible expert, dies at 77
• 1885Franz W Abbot: German Composer / choir conductor
• 1885Franz Wilhelm Abt: German Composer / choir conductor, dies at 65
• 1885Philipp Fahrbach: Composer, dies at 69
• 1886Giovanni Rossi: Composer, dies at 57
• 1892Adolf Rzepko: Composer, dies at 66
• 1898Edward Noyes Westcott: US attorney / writer (David Harum)
• 1901John Stainer: Composer, dies at 60
• 1913John Pierpont Morgan: US banker / CEO (US Steel Corp), dies at 75
• 1914Ch Morgenstern: Writer, dies at 42
• 1928Gustave Ador: President of Austria (1919), dies at 82
• 1928Medardo Rosso: Italian Sculptor (portraits), dies at 69
• 1931Knute Rockne: Football player / coach, dies in a plane crash at 43
• 1934Franz Ehrle: German Jesuit / head of Vatican library, dies at 88
• 1938Willem J T Kloos: Dutch Poet / critic (New Guide), dies at 78
• 1944Mineichi Koga: Admiral of Japanese fleet

Events on Apr 1

• 0374Comet 1P / 374 E1 (Halley) approaches within 0.0884 AUs of Earth
• 0527Justinianus becomes compassionate Emperor of Byzantium
• 0705Greek Pope John VII chosen as successor to John VI
• 1064Body of Bishop Eleutherius of Blandain moved to Doornik
• 1504English guilds / corp goes under state control
• 1572Bloys van Treslong conquers Brielle
• 1578William Harvey of England discovers blood circulation
• 1581Portugese Cortes subjects himself on Philip II
• 1663Gemert fines unwed motherhood (50 guilder penalty)
• 1724Henry Pelham becomes English Minister of War
• 1748Ruins of Pompeii found
• 1778Oliver Pollock, a New Orleans businessman, creates "$" symbol
• 1789House of Reps 1st full meeting, NYC, F Muhlenberg 1st speaker
• 1793Volcano Unsen on Japan erupts killing about 53,000
• 1803French law rules the use of intention
• 1826Samuel Mory patents internal combustion engine
• 1836Charles Darwin aboard HMS Beagle reaches Cocos Islands
• 1850San Francisco County Government established
• 1853Cincinnati became 1st US city to pay fire fighters a regular salary
• 18631st wartime conscription law in US goes into effect
• 1866US Congress rejects presidential veto gives all equal rights in US
• 1867Blacks vote in municipal election in Tuscumbia, Alabama
• 1867International Exhibition opens in Paris
• 1867Singapore, Penang and Malakka become British crown colonies
• 1868Hampton Institute opens
• 18721st edition of The Standard
• 1873British White Star steamship Atlantic sinks off Nova Scotia, 547 die
• 1873Mehmed Kemals play "Vatan" premeres in Constantinople
• 18761st official NL baseball game (Boston-6, Phila-5)
• 1881Anti-Jewish riots in Jerusalem

Born on Apr 1

• 1283Ludwig IV of Baveria: Roman Catholic Bavarian Emperor (1314-47)
• 1578William Harvey: England, United Kingdom -- Physician (discovered blood circulation)
• 1582Gaspar de Crayer: Flemish painter
• 1582Thomas Simpson: Composer
• 1643Christian Demelius: Composer
• 1721Pieter Hellendaal: Dutch violinist / Organist / composer (Glees)
• 1725Francois Bainville: Composer
• 1755Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin: French lawyer (Fisiologia del Gusto)
• 1772Ignaz Franz von Mosel: Composer
• 1785J H Ferdinand Olivier: German painter
• 1802Hubert Reis: Composer
• 1807Fredrik Cygnaeus: Finnish poet / literature critic
• 1809Willem Ruys J Dz: Dutch ship owner
• 1815Otto Von Bismarck: Germany -- Chancellor (1866-90)
• 1817Johannes J van Oosterzee: Dutch theologist
• 1823Simon Bolivar Buckner: Lieutenant General (Confederate Army), died in 1914
• 1834Isidore Edouard Legouix: Composer
• 1843Ludwig Enneccerus: German jurist
• 1847Gavriil Musicescu: Composer
• 1847Jules-Nicolas Crevaux: French explorer (South America)
• 1852Edward Austin Abbey: United States -- Painter (Quest of the Holy Grail)
• 1858Arnold Aletrino: Dutch physician-criminologist / author (From Life)
• 1858Gaetano Mosca: Italian sociologist (Circulation of Elite)
• 1864Marie Jungius: Dutch fairy tale writer
• 1865Richard Zsigmondy: Germany -- Chemist (Nobel-1925)
• 1866Ferruccio D M B Busoni: Italy -- Pianist / composer / conductor (Arlecchino)
• 1866Sophonisba Breckenridge: Scholar / teacher / social activist
• 1868Edmond Rostand: France -- Poet / playwright (Cyrano de Bergerac)
• 1869Peter A Egge: Norwegian writer (De Droom)
• 1871F Melius Christiansen: Composer

Died on Apr 1

• 1204Eleanor of Aquitaine: Wife of Louis VII and Henry II, dies at 81
• 1205Amalrik II: King of Cyprus / Jerusalem
• 1548Sigismund I [the Elder]: King of Poland, dies at 81
• 1611Gillis van Valkenborch: Flemish painter, buried at about 72
• 1734Louis Lully: Composer, dies at 69
• 1799Narciso Casanovas: Composer, dies at 52
• 1807Louis Francois Chambray: Composer, dies at 69
• 1807Vaclav Josef Bartolomej Praupner: Composer, dies at 61
• 1814Jozef de Ferraris: French / Austrian General / cartographer, dies at 87
• 1830Carl Borromaus Neuner: Composer, dies at 51
• 1832Robert the Hermit: US ex-slave / hermit in Massachusetts
• 1866Aime Ambroise Simon Leborne: Composer, dies at 98
• 1866Johannes C H de Meijere: Dutch zoologist
• 1869Anthony G O Ridder van Rappard: Min of Reformed Worship, dies at 69
• 1870Patrick Gass: Sgt of Lewis & Clark Expedition, dies at 98
• 1878Eugene Gautier: Composer, dies at 56
• 1901Francois M Raoult: French physicist / chemist (Law of Raoult), dies at 70
• 1910Andreas Aschenbach: German Painter / engraver, dies at 94
• 1914Rube Waddell: Baseballer, dies at 37 of tuberculosis
• 1915Johann Joseph Abert: Composer, dies at 82
• 1916Gabrielle Petit: Belgian resistance fighter, executed
• 1917Scott Joplin: Ragtime Composer (Sting), dies at 48
• 1918Karl Fritjof Valentin: Composer, dies at 64
• 1922Charles I: Emperor (Austria) / King of Hungary (Charles IV)
• 1925Francis William Davenport: Composer, dies at 77
• 1930Cosima Liszt: Wife of Austrian Composer Richard Wagner, dies at 92
• 1930Zawditu: 1st reigning female Monarch of Ethiopia
• 1933Frederick Lord Chelmsford: Viceroy of Britain - Ind (1916-21), dies at 64
• 1936Mikhail Vladimirovich Ivanov-Boretsky: Composer, dies at 61
• 1941Hippolyte Delehaye: Flemish historian, dies at 81