Events on Apr 12
- 1111Pope Paschalis II crowns Henry V, Roman Emperor
- 12044th Crusade occupies and plunders Constantinople
- 1385John without Fear marries Margaretha of Brabant
- 1385Willem van Oostervant weds Philip the Stouts daughter Margaretha (10)
- 1545French King Francois I orders protestants of Vaudois to be killed
- 1583William of Orange marries Louise de Coligny
- 1606England adopts Union Jack as its flag
- 1648University of Harderwijk Netherlands solemn opens
- 1654England, Ireland and Scotland united
- 17091st edition of Tattler magazine in England
- 1713Dutch State-General signs peace with France: Netherlands loses Orange Princedom
- 1770Townsend Acts repealed
- 1776Halifax resolution for independence adopted by North Carolina
- 1782Battle at Les Saintes West-Indies: British fleet beats French
- 18111st US colonists on Pacific coast arrive at Cape Disappointment, Washington
- 1844Texas became a US territory
- 18581st US billiards championship (Michael J Phelan wins in Detroit)
- 1859Hibernia Savings & Loan Society of SF incorporates
- 1861Fort Sumter, SC is shelled by Confederacy, starting Civil War
- 1862James Andrews steals Confederate train (General) at Kennesaw, Georgia
- 1862Union troops occupy Fort Pulaski, Georgia
- 1864Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest captures Fort Pillow, Tennessee
- 1869North Carolina legislature passes anti-Klan Law
- 1872Jesse James gang robs bank in Columbia, Kentucky (1 dead / $1,500)
- 1877British annex Transvaal, in South Africa
- 1883French troops under Lieutenant Colonel Borgnis-Desbordes occupy Bamako Senegal
- 1892George C Blickensderfer patents portable typewriter
- 1893Battle at Hoornkrans Southwest-Africa: German Schutztruppen chases away Hottentotten under Hendrik Witbooi
- 1894British and Belgian secret accord on dividing Central-Africa
- 1896Stamasia Portrisi is 1st woman to win a marathon (5:30 in Athens)
Born on Apr 12
- 1500Joachim Camerarius [Liebhard Kammerer]: German humanist
- 1579Francois de Bassompierre: Marshal of France
- 1626Paul Hainlein: Composer
- 1695Caspar Burman: Historian / Mayor (Utrecht, Netherlands)
- 1722Pietro Nardini: Composer
- 1724Lyman Hall: US Physician (signed Declaration of Independence)
- 1727Gaspare Gabellone: Composer
- 1760Juan Manuel Olivares: Composer
- 1764Dirk van den Boetzelaer: Regent of Holland
- 1769Giovanni Agostino Perotti: Composer
- 1777Henry Clay [the Great Compromiser]: US politician
- 1788Johann Erik Nordblom: Composer
- 1791Francis Preston Blair: Newspaper editor (Washington Globe)
- 1792John George Lambton: London, England -- Statesman (1st Earl of Durham)
- 1793Ferdinand I KLJM [the Good Natured]: Emperor of Austria / King of Hungary
- 1794Germinal P Dandelin: Belgian mathematician (geometry)
- 1801Henry de Cock: Dutch reformed vicar / secession leader
- 1801Josef Franz Karl Lanner: Austria -- Composer / violist
- 1802Francois MP Liberman: French relig leader (Congregation of Heart)
- 1815Henry Hugo Pierson: Composer
- 1823Aleksandr Ostrovsky: Russian playwright (Artists & Admirers)
- 1827Edward Mollenhauer: Composer
- 1831Constantin Meunier: Belgian painter / sculptor
- 1831George Burgwyn Anderson: Brigadier General (Confederate Army)
- 1831Grenville Mellen Dodge: Major General (Union volunteers)
- 1838John Shaw Billings: United States -- Librarian / army Physician
- 1839Victorin de Joncieres: Composer
- 1840Edmond Audran: Composer
- 1851Emil Liebling: Composer
- 1852[Carl L] Ferdinand von Lindemann: German mathematician
Died on Apr 12
- 0352Julius I: Pope (337-52)
- 1550Claude of Lorraine: Duke of Guise, dies at 53
- 1555Johanna de Wanzinnige: Queen of Castilie (1504-20), dies at 75
- 1690Miguel Gomez Camargo: Composer, dies at 71
- 1704John Hudde: 21x Mayor of Amsterdam, dies at 76
- 1748William Kent: English Sculptor / Architect (Kensington Palace)
- 1760Baron Ernst Gottlieb: Composer, dies at 64
- 1788Carl Joseph Toeschi: Composer, dies at 56
- 1788Carlo Antonio Campioni: Composer, dies at 67
- 1795Rainieri de Calzabigi: Italian literary, dies at 80
- 1797Josef Antonin Stepan: Composer, dies at 71
- 1817Charles Messier: "comet ferret" and catalogs famous "M objects"
- 1828Jean Henri Appelius: Dutch lawyer / Minister of Finance, dies at 60
- 1845Henry M baron the Kock: Officer / politician, dies at 65
- 1859John Emde: German evangelist, dies at about 84
- 1864Thomas Green: US Confederate Brigadier General, dies in battle at 50
- 1878William M "Boss" Tweed: New York politician
- 1896Alexander Ritter: Composer, dies at 62
- 1909Hermann Kotzchmar: Composer, dies at 79
- 1910William G Sumner: US sociologist / politicologist (Folkways), dies at 69
- 1912Clara Barton: Organizer (American Red Cross), dies at 90
- 1914Josef Nesvera: Composer, dies at 71
- 1922Frantisek Ondricek: Composer, dies at 64
- 1938Feodor Chaliapine: Russian Author (Man & Mark), dies at 65
- 1942Johannes E Akkeringa: Dutch Painter / etcher, dies at 80
- 1945Franklin Delano Roosevelt: 32nd President (D) (1933-1945), dies at 63
- 1946August Borms: Flemish Nazi collaborator, executed at 67
- 1946F Guicciardi: Writer
- 1947Christian F L Leipoldt: South African writer (Die Moormansgat)
- 1951Harold Vincent Milligan: Composer, dies at 62
Historical events on April 13
- 0989Battle at Abydos: Byzantine Emperor Basilius II beats Bardas Phocas
- 1111Pope Paschalis II crowns Roman catholics-German King Hendrik II
- 1180Republic day of Gelnhausen
- 1204Crusaders occupy Constantinople
- 1346Pope Clemens VI declares German Emperor Louis of Bavaria, envoy
- 1517Osmaanse army occupies Cairo
- 1556Portuguese Marranos who revert back to Judaism burned by order of Pope
- 1598Edict of Nantes grants political rights to French Huguenots
- 1640English Short Parliament forms (- May 5)
- 1668John Dryden (36) becomes 1st English Poet laureate
- 1741Dutch people protest bad quality of bread
- 1741Royal Military Academy forms at Woolwich
- 1759French beat European Allies in Battle of Bergen
- 17961st elephant arrives in US from India
- 1796Battle at Millesimo Italy: Napoleon beats Austrians
- 1808William Henry Lane ("Juda") perfects tap dance
- 1829English Emancipation Act grants freedom of religion to Catholics
- 1834HMS Beagle anchors at river mouth of Rio Santa Cruz, Patagonia
- 1842Lord Rosse successfully casts 72" (183-cm) mirror for a telescope
- 1849Hungarian Republic proclaimed
- 18601st Pony Express reaches Sacramento, California
- 1861After 34 hours of bombardment, Ft Sumter surrenders to Confederates
- 1863Battle of Irish Bend, LA (Ft Bisland)
- 1863Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled in New York is 1st orthopedic hospital
- 1865Battle of Raleigh, North Carolina
- 1869Steam power brake patented (George Westinghouse)
- 1870Metropolitan Museum of Art forms in New York City
- 1873Colfax Massacre in Grant Parish Louisiana (60 blacks killed)
- 1882Anti-Semitic League forms in Prussia
- 1883Alfred Packer convicted of cannibalism
Born on April 13
- 1519De Medicis: Queen consort (Henry II of France)
- 1545Elisabeth van Valois: French Queen of Spain / Daughter of Henri II
- 1593Thomas Wentworth: London, England -- Earl of Strafford / Viceroy of Ireland
- 1626Aert Jansz van Nes: Lieutenant Admiral
- 1713Pierre de Jelyotte: Composer
- 1721John Hanson: Maryland, United States -- 1st US President under Articles of Confederation
- 1729Thomas Percy: English literary / Bishop of Dromore
- 1732Frederick North: (C) British Prime Minister (1770-82)
- 1733Johann Heinrich Zang: Composer
- 1749Frederik Sigismund van Bylandt: Dutch count / Vice-Admiral
- 1762Johanna C Wattier-Ziesenis: Dutch actress (Phaedra, Lady Macbeth)
- 1762Karl Friedrich Horn: Composer
- 1771Adam FJA van der Duyn: Dutch Governor (South Holland)
- 1771Richard Trevithick: Cornwall -- Inventor (steam locomotive)
- 1784Cornelis Smit: Dutch ship builder
- 1799Heinrich F L Rellstab: German music theorist
- 1799Joseph Rastrelli: Composer
- 1816William Sterndale Bennett: Composer
- 1817Alphonse Wauters: Belgian historian / archivist (Brussels)
- 1822Leroy Augustus Stafford: Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1864
- 1822William Stephen Walker: Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1899
- 1828Joseph B Lightfoot: English theologist / Bishop of Durham
- 1830Eduard Lassen: Composer
- 1832James Wimshurst: British designer / inventor (electricstatic generator)
- 1847Cornelis Pijnacker Hordijk: Governor-General (Netherlands East Indies)
- 1849Enrique Jose Varona: Cuban sociologist / psychologist
- 1854Richard T Ely: US economist (Hard Times)
- 1860James Ensor: Flemish painter / etcher (De lampenjongen)
- 1865Heinrich Reinhardt: Composer
- 1868John Blackwood McEwen: Composer
Died on April 13
- 0799Paulus Diaconus Warnafridi: Longobardisch writer
- 1517Tuman Bey: Last Mamelukken Sultan of Egypt, hanged
- 1722Charles Leslie: Irish controversialist
- 1728Johann Christoph Schmidt: Composer, dies at 63
- 1742Giovanni Veneziano: Composer, dies at 59
- 1756Johann T Gottlieb Goldberg: German klavecinist / composer, dies at 29
- 1806Jean-Jacques Bachelier: French painter, dies at about 82
- 1822Gaetano Valeri: Composer, dies at 61
- 1825Josef Gelinek: Composer, dies at 66
- 1826Franz Danzi: Composer, dies at 62
- 1831Ferdinand Kauer: Composer, dies at 80
- 1868Theodorus [Kasa]: Emperor of Abyssinia, commits suicide
- 1873Carlo Coccia: Composer, dies at 90
- 1886Karoly Thern: Composer, dies at 68
- 1903Derk J A Haspels: Dutch actor, dies at 65
- 1904Vasili Vereshtshagin: Russian Painter (War & Peace)
- 1910William Orchardson: British painter
- 1928Luis Iruarrizaga Aguirre: Composer, dies at 36
- 1936Demertzis: Greek Premier
- 1941Annie Jump Cannon: US astronomer (Henry Draper catalogues), dies at 77
- 1942Henk Sneevliet: Leader of Dutch RSAP / Spartacus, executed at 58
- 1944Paul Hazard: French literature historian, dies at 65
- 1946William Henry Bell: Composer, dies at 72
- 1949C V France: Dies at 80
- 1952[Rosalie] Julia Cuypers: Flemish actress (Adelaarsjong), dies at 79
- 1959Eduard A van Beinum: Dutch musician / conductor, dies at 57
- 1959Rigardus "Rijn" Rijnhout: Giant of Rotterdam (2.375m), dies at 38
- 1967Luis Somoza Debayle: President of Nicaragua (1956-63), dies at 44
- 1973Alexandre A M Stols: Publisher / typographer (Schoone Book), dies at 73
- 1974Stanley Smith: Actor (Honey, King of Jazz, Soup to Nuts), dies at 71
Events on Apr 14
- 0193Lucius Septimius Severus crowned Emperor of Rome
- 0754Pact of Quierzy: between Pope Stephen II, [III] and Pippin the Korte
- 0972Notger becomes Bishop of Liege
- 0979Challenge to throne of King Aethelred II of England
- 1028German Emperor Conrad II the Sailor crowns his son Henry III, King
- 119185-year old Giacinto Bobo becomes Pope Coelestinus III
- 1471Battle of Barnet-King Edward IV vs. Earl of Warwick
- 1536English King Henry VIII expropriate minor monasteries
- 1570Polish Calvinists / Lutherians / Hernhutters unify against Jesuits
- 1611Word "telescope" is 1st used (Prince Federico Cesi)
- 1614Pocahontas, Daughter of chief Powhatan, marries planter John Rolfe
- 1629England and France sign Peace of Susa
- 1671Cosaks capture Russian boer leader Stenka Razin
- 1756Gov Glen of SC protests against 900 Acadia indians
- 17751st abolitionist society in US organizes in Philadelphia
- 1777New York adopts new constitution as an independent state
- 1792France declares war on Austria, starting French Revolutionary Wars
- 1799Napoleon called for establishing Jerusalem for Jews
- 1809Napoleon defeated Austria in the Battle of Abensberg, Bavaria
- 1814Napoleon abdicated and was banished to Elba
- 1818US Medical Corp forms
- 182818-gun sloop "Acorn" sinks off Halifax with 115 men aboard
- 1836Congress forms Territory of Wisconsin
- 1847Persia and Osmaanse sign 2nd Treaty of Erzurum
- 1853Harriet Tubman began her Underground Railroad, helping slaves escape
- 18601st Pony Express rider arrives in SF from St. Joseph, Missouri
- 1861Formal Union surrender of Ft Sumter
- 1862Battle of Ft Pillow, Tennessee
- 1863William Bullock patents continuous-roll printing press
- 1865Mobile, Alabama is captured
Born on Apr 14
- 1578Philip III: King of Spain and Portugal (1598-1621)
- 1592Abraham Elsevier: Book publisher / publisher
- 1676Ernst Chreistian Hesse: Composer
- 1710Marie A C de Camargo: Spanish / Italian / Belgian dancer
- 1718Emanuele Barbella: Composer
- 1721William August Duke of Cumberland: English army leader
- 1723John Wainwright: Composer
- 1738Duck of Portland: (C) British Prime Minister (1783, 1807-09)
- 1762Giuseppe Valadier: Italian architect / archaeologist
- 1782Carlo Coccia: Composer
- 1797Adolphe Thiers: 1st President of 3rd French Republic (1871-77)
- 1803Friedrich von Amerling: Austrian painter
- 1809George W Vreede: Dutch lawyer / politician
- 1813Junius S Morgan: United States -- Merchant / philanthropist (Metro Museum of Art)
- 1819Charles Halle: Pianist / conductor / founder (Halle Orch)
- 1820Harry Thompson Hays: Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1876
- 1831Gerhard Rohlfs: German explorer / ambassador in Abyssinia
- 1832James Hewett Ledlie: Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1882
- 1842Sven August Korling: Composer
- 1843Gustave Leon Huberti: Composer
- 1852Henrique Oswald: Composer
- 1857Edgar Stillman Kelley: Sparta, Wisconsin -- Composer (Gulliver)
- 1862Pyotr A Stolypin: Premier Russia (1906-11)
- 1866Anne Mansfield Sullivan: United States -- Educated Helen Keller
- 1873Viktor Joseph Keldorfer: Composer
- 1874Count Alexander [of Athlone]: Governor-General (South-Africa / Canada)
- 1879James Branch Cabell: American Novelist / essayist (Restless Heads)
- 1886Edward C Tolman: US psychologist (behaviorism)
- 1886Ernst R Curtius: German literature historian
- 1889Arnold Toynbee: England, United Kingdom -- Historian (Study of History)
Died on Apr 14
- 0711Childebert III: King of French, dies at about 27
- 0911Sergius III: Italian Pope (904-11)
- 1099Conrad: Bishop of Utrecht, stabbed to death
- 1240Llywelyn ap Iorwerth: Prince of Wales
- 1427John IV: Duke of Brabant
- 1471Richard Neville Warwick: 2nd Earl of Salisbury, dies at 42
- 1552Laurentius Andreae [Lars Andersson]: Swedish church reformer
- 1574Christoffel Palts: German General strategist, dies in battle
- 1574Hendrik: Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, dies in battle
- 1574Louis: Earl of Nassau-Dillenburg, dies in battle at 35
- 1655Johann Erasmus Kindermann: Composer, dies at 39
- 1692Carlos de Gurrea: Spanish Viceroy (Spanish Netherlands)
- 1764Peder [Nielsen] Horrebow: Danish astronomer, dies at 84
- 1813Joachim Nicolas Eggert: Composer, dies at 34
- 1843Joseph Franz Karl Lanner: Austria -- Composer / violist, dies at 42
- 1874Hermanus J Abbring: Dutch Author / engineer on Curacao, dies at 86
- 1888William Fisk Sherwin: Composer, dies at 62
- 1913Karl Hagenbeck: German animal trainer (Von Tieren), dies at 68
- 1914Paul Ehrenreich: German etnologist / mythologist, dies at 58
- 1915James Hutton Brew: Pioneer of West African Journalism
- 1917Lew [Lejzer L] Zamenhof: Polish doc / linguist (Esperanto), dies at 57
- 1924Louis H Sullivan: Architect (Wainwright building St. Louis), dies at 67
- 1924Roland Napoleon Bonaparte: Fr officer / explorer (Surinam), dies at 65
- 1925Pieter D van Essen: Dutch artillery officer, dies at 54
- 1930W Majakowski: Writer, dies at 36
- 1934Gerald du Maurier: British actor-manager (Unmarried, Escape)
- 1934Karl Dane: Dies at 57
- 1941Jack Edmonson: Australian corporal in Tobruk (Victoria Cross)
- 1943Asser B Kleerekoper: SDAP-Second-Member of parliament, dies at 62
- 1943Geoffrey Turton Shaw: Composer, dies at 63