Events on Apr 12

• 1111Pope Paschalis II crowns Henry V, Roman Emperor
• 12044th Crusade occupies and plunders Constantinople
• 1385John without Fear marries Margaretha of Brabant
• 1385Willem van Oostervant weds Philip the Stouts daughter Margaretha (10)
• 1545French King Francois I orders protestants of Vaudois to be killed
• 1583William of Orange marries Louise de Coligny
• 1606England adopts Union Jack as its flag
• 1648University of Harderwijk Netherlands solemn opens
• 1654England, Ireland and Scotland united
• 17091st edition of Tattler magazine in England
• 1713Dutch State-General signs peace with France: Netherlands loses Orange Princedom
• 1770Townsend Acts repealed
• 1776Halifax resolution for independence adopted by North Carolina
• 1782Battle at Les Saintes West-Indies: British fleet beats French
• 18111st US colonists on Pacific coast arrive at Cape Disappointment, Washington
• 1844Texas became a US territory
• 18581st US billiards championship (Michael J Phelan wins in Detroit)
• 1859Hibernia Savings & Loan Society of SF incorporates
• 1861Fort Sumter, SC is shelled by Confederacy, starting Civil War
• 1862James Andrews steals Confederate train (General) at Kennesaw, Georgia
• 1862Union troops occupy Fort Pulaski, Georgia
• 1864Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest captures Fort Pillow, Tennessee
• 1869North Carolina legislature passes anti-Klan Law
• 1872Jesse James gang robs bank in Columbia, Kentucky (1 dead / $1,500)
• 1877British annex Transvaal, in South Africa
• 1883French troops under Lieutenant Colonel Borgnis-Desbordes occupy Bamako Senegal
• 1892George C Blickensderfer patents portable typewriter
• 1893Battle at Hoornkrans Southwest-Africa: German Schutztruppen chases away Hottentotten under Hendrik Witbooi
• 1894British and Belgian secret accord on dividing Central-Africa
• 1896Stamasia Portrisi is 1st woman to win a marathon (5:30 in Athens)

Born on Apr 12

• 1500Joachim Camerarius [Liebhard Kammerer]: German humanist
• 1579Francois de Bassompierre: Marshal of France
• 1626Paul Hainlein: Composer
• 1695Caspar Burman: Historian / Mayor (Utrecht, Netherlands)
• 1722Pietro Nardini: Composer
• 1724Lyman Hall: US Physician (signed Declaration of Independence)
• 1727Gaspare Gabellone: Composer
• 1760Juan Manuel Olivares: Composer
• 1764Dirk van den Boetzelaer: Regent of Holland
• 1769Giovanni Agostino Perotti: Composer
• 1777Henry Clay [the Great Compromiser]: US politician
• 1788Johann Erik Nordblom: Composer
• 1791Francis Preston Blair: Newspaper editor (Washington Globe)
• 1792John George Lambton: London, England -- Statesman (1st Earl of Durham)
• 1793Ferdinand I KLJM [the Good Natured]: Emperor of Austria / King of Hungary
• 1794Germinal P Dandelin: Belgian mathematician (geometry)
• 1801Henry de Cock: Dutch reformed vicar / secession leader
• 1801Josef Franz Karl Lanner: Austria -- Composer / violist
• 1802Francois MP Liberman: French relig leader (Congregation of Heart)
• 1815Henry Hugo Pierson: Composer
• 1823Aleksandr Ostrovsky: Russian playwright (Artists & Admirers)
• 1827Edward Mollenhauer: Composer
• 1831Constantin Meunier: Belgian painter / sculptor
• 1831George Burgwyn Anderson: Brigadier General (Confederate Army)
• 1831Grenville Mellen Dodge: Major General (Union volunteers)
• 1838John Shaw Billings: United States -- Librarian / army Physician
• 1839Victorin de Joncieres: Composer
• 1840Edmond Audran: Composer
• 1851Emil Liebling: Composer
• 1852[Carl L] Ferdinand von Lindemann: German mathematician

Died on Apr 12

• 0352Julius I: Pope (337-52)
• 1550Claude of Lorraine: Duke of Guise, dies at 53
• 1555Johanna de Wanzinnige: Queen of Castilie (1504-20), dies at 75
• 1690Miguel Gomez Camargo: Composer, dies at 71
• 1704John Hudde: 21x Mayor of Amsterdam, dies at 76
• 1748William Kent: English Sculptor / Architect (Kensington Palace)
• 1760Baron Ernst Gottlieb: Composer, dies at 64
• 1788Carl Joseph Toeschi: Composer, dies at 56
• 1788Carlo Antonio Campioni: Composer, dies at 67
• 1795Rainieri de Calzabigi: Italian literary, dies at 80
• 1797Josef Antonin Stepan: Composer, dies at 71
• 1817Charles Messier: "comet ferret" and catalogs famous "M objects"
• 1828Jean Henri Appelius: Dutch lawyer / Minister of Finance, dies at 60
• 1845Henry M baron the Kock: Officer / politician, dies at 65
• 1859John Emde: German evangelist, dies at about 84
• 1864Thomas Green: US Confederate Brigadier General, dies in battle at 50
• 1878William M "Boss" Tweed: New York politician
• 1896Alexander Ritter: Composer, dies at 62
• 1909Hermann Kotzchmar: Composer, dies at 79
• 1910William G Sumner: US sociologist / politicologist (Folkways), dies at 69
• 1912Clara Barton: Organizer (American Red Cross), dies at 90
• 1914Josef Nesvera: Composer, dies at 71
• 1922Frantisek Ondricek: Composer, dies at 64
• 1938Feodor Chaliapine: Russian Author (Man & Mark), dies at 65
• 1942Johannes E Akkeringa: Dutch Painter / etcher, dies at 80
• 1945Franklin Delano Roosevelt: 32nd President (D) (1933-1945), dies at 63
• 1946August Borms: Flemish Nazi collaborator, executed at 67
• 1946F Guicciardi: Writer
• 1947Christian F L Leipoldt: South African writer (Die Moormansgat)
• 1951Harold Vincent Milligan: Composer, dies at 62

Historical events on April 13

• 0989Battle at Abydos: Byzantine Emperor Basilius II beats Bardas Phocas
• 1111Pope Paschalis II crowns Roman catholics-German King Hendrik II
• 1180Republic day of Gelnhausen
• 1204Crusaders occupy Constantinople
• 1346Pope Clemens VI declares German Emperor Louis of Bavaria, envoy
• 1517Osmaanse army occupies Cairo
• 1556Portuguese Marranos who revert back to Judaism burned by order of Pope
• 1598Edict of Nantes grants political rights to French Huguenots
• 1640English Short Parliament forms (- May 5)
• 1668John Dryden (36) becomes 1st English Poet laureate
• 1741Dutch people protest bad quality of bread
• 1741Royal Military Academy forms at Woolwich
• 1759French beat European Allies in Battle of Bergen
• 17961st elephant arrives in US from India
• 1796Battle at Millesimo Italy: Napoleon beats Austrians
• 1808William Henry Lane ("Juda") perfects tap dance
• 1829English Emancipation Act grants freedom of religion to Catholics
• 1834HMS Beagle anchors at river mouth of Rio Santa Cruz, Patagonia
• 1842Lord Rosse successfully casts 72" (183-cm) mirror for a telescope
• 1849Hungarian Republic proclaimed
• 18601st Pony Express reaches Sacramento, California
• 1861After 34 hours of bombardment, Ft Sumter surrenders to Confederates
• 1863Battle of Irish Bend, LA (Ft Bisland)
• 1863Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled in New York is 1st orthopedic hospital
• 1865Battle of Raleigh, North Carolina
• 1869Steam power brake patented (George Westinghouse)
• 1870Metropolitan Museum of Art forms in New York City
• 1873Colfax Massacre in Grant Parish Louisiana (60 blacks killed)
• 1882Anti-Semitic League forms in Prussia
• 1883Alfred Packer convicted of cannibalism

Born on April 13

• 1519De Medicis: Queen consort (Henry II of France)
• 1545Elisabeth van Valois: French Queen of Spain / Daughter of Henri II
• 1593Thomas Wentworth: London, England -- Earl of Strafford / Viceroy of Ireland
• 1626Aert Jansz van Nes: Lieutenant Admiral
• 1713Pierre de Jelyotte: Composer
• 1721John Hanson: Maryland, United States -- 1st US President under Articles of Confederation
• 1729Thomas Percy: English literary / Bishop of Dromore
• 1732Frederick North: (C) British Prime Minister (1770-82)
• 1733Johann Heinrich Zang: Composer
• 1749Frederik Sigismund van Bylandt: Dutch count / Vice-Admiral
• 1762Johanna C Wattier-Ziesenis: Dutch actress (Phaedra, Lady Macbeth)
• 1762Karl Friedrich Horn: Composer
• 1771Adam FJA van der Duyn: Dutch Governor (South Holland)
• 1771Richard Trevithick: Cornwall -- Inventor (steam locomotive)
• 1784Cornelis Smit: Dutch ship builder
• 1799Heinrich F L Rellstab: German music theorist
• 1799Joseph Rastrelli: Composer
• 1816William Sterndale Bennett: Composer
• 1817Alphonse Wauters: Belgian historian / archivist (Brussels)
• 1822Leroy Augustus Stafford: Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1864
• 1822William Stephen Walker: Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1899
• 1828Joseph B Lightfoot: English theologist / Bishop of Durham
• 1830Eduard Lassen: Composer
• 1832James Wimshurst: British designer / inventor (electricstatic generator)
• 1847Cornelis Pijnacker Hordijk: Governor-General (Netherlands East Indies)
• 1849Enrique Jose Varona: Cuban sociologist / psychologist
• 1854Richard T Ely: US economist (Hard Times)
• 1860James Ensor: Flemish painter / etcher (De lampenjongen)
• 1865Heinrich Reinhardt: Composer
• 1868John Blackwood McEwen: Composer

Died on April 13

• 0799Paulus Diaconus Warnafridi: Longobardisch writer
• 1517Tuman Bey: Last Mamelukken Sultan of Egypt, hanged
• 1722Charles Leslie: Irish controversialist
• 1728Johann Christoph Schmidt: Composer, dies at 63
• 1742Giovanni Veneziano: Composer, dies at 59
• 1756Johann T Gottlieb Goldberg: German klavecinist / composer, dies at 29
• 1806Jean-Jacques Bachelier: French painter, dies at about 82
• 1822Gaetano Valeri: Composer, dies at 61
• 1825Josef Gelinek: Composer, dies at 66
• 1826Franz Danzi: Composer, dies at 62
• 1831Ferdinand Kauer: Composer, dies at 80
• 1868Theodorus [Kasa]: Emperor of Abyssinia, commits suicide
• 1873Carlo Coccia: Composer, dies at 90
• 1886Karoly Thern: Composer, dies at 68
• 1903Derk J A Haspels: Dutch actor, dies at 65
• 1904Vasili Vereshtshagin: Russian Painter (War & Peace)
• 1910William Orchardson: British painter
• 1928Luis Iruarrizaga Aguirre: Composer, dies at 36
• 1936Demertzis: Greek Premier
• 1941Annie Jump Cannon: US astronomer (Henry Draper catalogues), dies at 77
• 1942Henk Sneevliet: Leader of Dutch RSAP / Spartacus, executed at 58
• 1944Paul Hazard: French literature historian, dies at 65
• 1946William Henry Bell: Composer, dies at 72
• 1949C V France: Dies at 80
• 1952[Rosalie] Julia Cuypers: Flemish actress (Adelaarsjong), dies at 79
• 1959Eduard A van Beinum: Dutch musician / conductor, dies at 57
• 1959Rigardus "Rijn" Rijnhout: Giant of Rotterdam (2.375m), dies at 38
• 1967Luis Somoza Debayle: President of Nicaragua (1956-63), dies at 44
• 1973Alexandre A M Stols: Publisher / typographer (Schoone Book), dies at 73
• 1974Stanley Smith: Actor (Honey, King of Jazz, Soup to Nuts), dies at 71

Events on Apr 14

• 0193Lucius Septimius Severus crowned Emperor of Rome
• 0754Pact of Quierzy: between Pope Stephen II, [III] and Pippin the Korte
• 0972Notger becomes Bishop of Liege
• 0979Challenge to throne of King Aethelred II of England
• 1028German Emperor Conrad II the Sailor crowns his son Henry III, King
• 119185-year old Giacinto Bobo becomes Pope Coelestinus III
• 1471Battle of Barnet-King Edward IV vs. Earl of Warwick
• 1536English King Henry VIII expropriate minor monasteries
• 1570Polish Calvinists / Lutherians / Hernhutters unify against Jesuits
• 1611Word "telescope" is 1st used (Prince Federico Cesi)
• 1614Pocahontas, Daughter of chief Powhatan, marries planter John Rolfe
• 1629England and France sign Peace of Susa
• 1671Cosaks capture Russian boer leader Stenka Razin
• 1756Gov Glen of SC protests against 900 Acadia indians
• 17751st abolitionist society in US organizes in Philadelphia
• 1777New York adopts new constitution as an independent state
• 1792France declares war on Austria, starting French Revolutionary Wars
• 1799Napoleon called for establishing Jerusalem for Jews
• 1809Napoleon defeated Austria in the Battle of Abensberg, Bavaria
• 1814Napoleon abdicated and was banished to Elba
• 1818US Medical Corp forms
• 182818-gun sloop "Acorn" sinks off Halifax with 115 men aboard
• 1836Congress forms Territory of Wisconsin
• 1847Persia and Osmaanse sign 2nd Treaty of Erzurum
• 1853Harriet Tubman began her Underground Railroad, helping slaves escape
• 18601st Pony Express rider arrives in SF from St. Joseph, Missouri
• 1861Formal Union surrender of Ft Sumter
• 1862Battle of Ft Pillow, Tennessee
• 1863William Bullock patents continuous-roll printing press
• 1865Mobile, Alabama is captured

Born on Apr 14

• 1578Philip III: King of Spain and Portugal (1598-1621)
• 1592Abraham Elsevier: Book publisher / publisher
• 1676Ernst Chreistian Hesse: Composer
• 1710Marie A C de Camargo: Spanish / Italian / Belgian dancer
• 1718Emanuele Barbella: Composer
• 1721William August Duke of Cumberland: English army leader
• 1723John Wainwright: Composer
• 1738Duck of Portland: (C) British Prime Minister (1783, 1807-09)
• 1762Giuseppe Valadier: Italian architect / archaeologist
• 1782Carlo Coccia: Composer
• 1797Adolphe Thiers: 1st President of 3rd French Republic (1871-77)
• 1803Friedrich von Amerling: Austrian painter
• 1809George W Vreede: Dutch lawyer / politician
• 1813Junius S Morgan: United States -- Merchant / philanthropist (Metro Museum of Art)
• 1819Charles Halle: Pianist / conductor / founder (Halle Orch)
• 1820Harry Thompson Hays: Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1876
• 1831Gerhard Rohlfs: German explorer / ambassador in Abyssinia
• 1832James Hewett Ledlie: Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1882
• 1842Sven August Korling: Composer
• 1843Gustave Leon Huberti: Composer
• 1852Henrique Oswald: Composer
• 1857Edgar Stillman Kelley: Sparta, Wisconsin -- Composer (Gulliver)
• 1862Pyotr A Stolypin: Premier Russia (1906-11)
• 1866Anne Mansfield Sullivan: United States -- Educated Helen Keller
• 1873Viktor Joseph Keldorfer: Composer
• 1874Count Alexander [of Athlone]: Governor-General (South-Africa / Canada)
• 1879James Branch Cabell: American Novelist / essayist (Restless Heads)
• 1886Edward C Tolman: US psychologist (behaviorism)
• 1886Ernst R Curtius: German literature historian
• 1889Arnold Toynbee: England, United Kingdom -- Historian (Study of History)

Died on Apr 14

• 0711Childebert III: King of French, dies at about 27
• 0911Sergius III: Italian Pope (904-11)
• 1099Conrad: Bishop of Utrecht, stabbed to death
• 1240Llywelyn ap Iorwerth: Prince of Wales
• 1427John IV: Duke of Brabant
• 1471Richard Neville Warwick: 2nd Earl of Salisbury, dies at 42
• 1552Laurentius Andreae [Lars Andersson]: Swedish church reformer
• 1574Christoffel Palts: German General strategist, dies in battle
• 1574Hendrik: Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, dies in battle
• 1574Louis: Earl of Nassau-Dillenburg, dies in battle at 35
• 1655Johann Erasmus Kindermann: Composer, dies at 39
• 1692Carlos de Gurrea: Spanish Viceroy (Spanish Netherlands)
• 1764Peder [Nielsen] Horrebow: Danish astronomer, dies at 84
• 1813Joachim Nicolas Eggert: Composer, dies at 34
• 1843Joseph Franz Karl Lanner: Austria -- Composer / violist, dies at 42
• 1874Hermanus J Abbring: Dutch Author / engineer on Curacao, dies at 86
• 1888William Fisk Sherwin: Composer, dies at 62
• 1913Karl Hagenbeck: German animal trainer (Von Tieren), dies at 68
• 1914Paul Ehrenreich: German etnologist / mythologist, dies at 58
• 1915James Hutton Brew: Pioneer of West African Journalism
• 1917Lew [Lejzer L] Zamenhof: Polish doc / linguist (Esperanto), dies at 57
• 1924Louis H Sullivan: Architect (Wainwright building St. Louis), dies at 67
• 1924Roland Napoleon Bonaparte: Fr officer / explorer (Surinam), dies at 65
• 1925Pieter D van Essen: Dutch artillery officer, dies at 54
• 1930W Majakowski: Writer, dies at 36
• 1934Gerald du Maurier: British actor-manager (Unmarried, Escape)
• 1934Karl Dane: Dies at 57
• 1941Jack Edmonson: Australian corporal in Tobruk (Victoria Cross)
• 1943Asser B Kleerekoper: SDAP-Second-Member of parliament, dies at 62
• 1943Geoffrey Turton Shaw: Composer, dies at 63