Events on Apr 22
- 0296St. Gaius ends his reign as Catholic Pope
- 0536St. Agapitus I ends his reign as Catholic Pope
- 1056Supernova Crab nebula last seen by the naked eye
- 1073Pope Alexander II buried / Ildebrando chosen as Pope Gregory VII
- 1164Raynald of Dassel names Guido di Crema as anti-pope Paschalis III
- 1370Bastille begins being built in Paris
- 1500Pedro Alvarez Cabral discovers Brazil and claims it for Portugal
- 1509Henry VIII ascended to throne of England
- 1521French King Francois I declares war on Spain
- 15261st slave revolt occurs in South Carolina
- 1529Treaty of Saragosa: Spain and Portugal divide eastern hemisphere
- 1648English army claims King Charles I responsible for bloodshed
- 1659Lord protector Cromwell disbands English parliament
- 1662Royal Society incorporates
- 1671King Charles II sits in on English parliament
- 1676Battle of Etna - Netherlands / Spain vs. France, M de Ruyter fatally wounded
- 1677Battle at Catania: between French and Dutch fleet
- 1692Edward Bishop is jailed for proposong flogging as cure for witchcraft
- 172219 VOC "komplotteurs" in Batavia executed
- 1796Napoleon defeats Piedmontese at Battle of Mondovi
- 1804Gioacchino Rossini (12) performs in Imola
- 1817Curacao prohibits use of white paint due to fierce sunlight
- 1823Baltic Club (Exchange) forms in London
- 1823R J Tyers patents roller skates
- 1838English steamship "Sirius" docks in NYC after Atlantic crossing
- 1861Robert E Lee named commander of Virginia Confederate forces
- 1864US mints 2 cent coin (1st appearance of "In God We Trust")
- 18761st NL game, Boston Braves beat Philadelphia Athletics 6-5
- 1876Tsjaikovsky completes his "Swan Lake" ballet
- 1884Thomas Stevens starts 1st bike trip around world (2 yrs 9 mos)
Born on Apr 22
- 1357Johan I: King of Portugal (1383-1433)
- 1451Isabella I [of Castile]: Spain -- Queen of Spain (1479-1504), Patron of Columbus
- 1610Alexander VIII [Pietro Ottoboni]: Italy -- Lawyer / Pope (1689-91)
- 1640Mariana Alcoforado: Portugal -- Nun
- 1658Giuseppe Torelli: Italy -- Composer (Concert Grossi op 8)
- 1682Willem I Kerricx the Young: Flemish architect / sculptor / painter
- 1690John Carteret: Earl Granville (C), English Chief Minister (1722-42)
- 1707Henry Fielding: England, United Kingdom -- Novelist (Joseph Andrews, Tom Jones)
- 1724Immanuel Kant: Konigsberg, Germany -- Philosopher (Critique of Pure Reason)
- 1773Jean V Baron de Rebecque: Swiss / Dutch army leader
- 1775Georg Hermes: German philosopher / theologist (Hermenianen)
- 1781Christian Friedrich Hermann Uber: Composer
- 1799Jean Poiseuille: Physician / physiologist (blood pressure)
- 1816Philip James Bailey: English poet (Festus)
- 1818Cadwallader Colden Washburn: Major General (Union volunteers)
- 1823Alfred Gibbs: Major General (Union Army), died in 1868
- 1827William Hopkins Morris: Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1900
- 1828Guilherme Antonio Cossoul: Composer
- 1831Alexander McDowell McCook: Major General (Union volunteers)
- 1832Julius Sterling Morton: Nebraska, United States -- Governor of Nebraska that started Arbor Day
- 1839August W Eichler: German Botanist
- 1853Alphonse Bertillon: France -- Anthropologist - devised crime ID system
- 1854Henri-Marie Lafontaine: Belgium -- International lawyer (Nobel 1913)
- 1856[Marie] Louise Hens: Flemish actress (Two Orphans)
- 1858Ethel Mary Smyth: Composer
- 1863Cornelis A J van Dishoeck: Dutch publisher
- 1864Phil May: Wortley Yorkshire, United Kingdom -- Cartoonist
- 1866Hans von Seeckt: German General (Future of the Reich)
- 1868Jose Vianna da Motta: Composer
- 1873Ellen Anderson Glasgow: United States -- Novelist (Ancient Law, Pulitzer-1942)
Died on Apr 22
- 0536Agapitus I: Italian Pope (535-36)
- 1253Elias van Cortona: Italian General (1232-39), dies at about 53
- 1355Eleonora Plantagenet: Daughter of King Edward II, dies at 36
- 1462Gilbert of Lannoy: Master of Villerval / Tronchiennes / Santes
- 1592Bartolommeo Ammanati: Italian Sculptor / architect, dies at 80
- 1648Catharina Belgian van Nassau: Daughter of Willem, dies at 69
- 1662John Tradescant: Traveller / gardener
- 1672Georg Stiernhielm: Swed Scholar / Author / Poet (Hercules), dies at 73
- 1699Hans A baron von Abschatz: Silesian poet, dies at 53
- 1722Pieter Erberfeld: German / Thais Merchant on Java
- 1776Johann Adolph Scheibe: German music theroist / composer, dies at 67
- 1778James Hargreaves: Inventor (spinning jenny)
- 1782Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger: Composer, dies at 66
- 1788Zacharias H Alewijn: Dutch poet, dies at 46
- 1821John Crome [Old Crome]: English landscape Painter / etcher, dies at 52
- 1827Thomas Rowlandson: Caricaturist
- 1830Knud L Rahbek: Danish literary / historian, dies at 69
- 1833Richard Trevithick: Inventor (steam locomotive), dies at 62
- 1844Henri-Montan Berton: Composer, dies at 76
- 1864Joseph Gilbert Totten: US Union General Major, dies at 76
- 1865Francis Washburn: US Union Colonel / General Major, dies of injuries
- 1883Octave Fouque: Composer, dies at 38
- 1892Edouard-Victoire-Antoine Lalo: Composer, dies at 69
- 1901William Stubbs: Historian / Bishop
- 1908Henry Campbell-Bannerman: British Premier (1905-08)
- 1925Andre Caplet: Composer, dies at 46
- 1929Odon Peter Jozsef de Mihalovich: Composer, dies at 86
- 1933Frederick Henry Royce: Motorcar pioneer
- 1944Mezio Agostini: Composer, dies at 68
- 1946Harlan Fiske Stone: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1941-46), dies at 73
Historical events on April 23
- 1014King Brian Boru of Ireland beats Danes at Battle of Clontarf
- 1154Damascus surrenders to Sultan Nur ad-Din van Aleppo
- 13481st English order of knighthood founded (Order of Garter)
- 1500Pedro Cabral lands and annexes Brazil (Terra da Vera Cruz)
- 1501Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral and 6 ships return to Lisbon
- 1504King Maximilian I routes troops to Bavaria
- 1616Netherlands buys De Briel / Vlissingen / Fort Rammekens from England
- 1633Sweden and Protestant German monarchy form Union of Heilbronn
- 1661English King Charles II crowned in London
- 1662Connecticut chartered as an English colony
- 1723Cornelis Steenoven elected Archbishop of Utrecht
- 1789President-elect George Washington moves into Franklin House, New York
- 1795William Hastings acquitted in England of high treason
- 1798Dutch Emperor accepts new Constitution
- 1826Missolonghi captured by Turks
- 1838English steamship "Great Western" crossing Atlantic docks in New York City
- 1851Canada issues its 1st postage stamps
- 1860Democratic Convention in Charleston SC divided over slavery
- 1861Arkansas troops seize Ft Smith
- 1861Battle of San Antonio, Texas
- 1867Queen Victoria and Napoleon III turn down plans for a channel tunnel
- 1871Blossom Rock in SF Bay blown up
- 18781st Dutch test drive of steam tram
- 1883John Heemskerk Azn forms Dutch government
- 1891Jews are expelled from Moscow Russia
- 1896Vitascope system of movie projection 1st demonstrated (NYC)
- 19001st know occurrence of word "hillbillie" (NY Journal)
- 1903New York Highlanders (Yankees) win their 1st game beating Washingston Senators 7-2
- 1904American Academy of Arts and Letters forms
- 1908Denmark, Germany, Engld, France, Netherlands and Sweden signs North Sea accord
Born on April 23
- 1464Johanna van Valois: Queen of France
- 1464Robert Fayrfax: Composer
- 1500Alexander Alesius [Aless / Alane]: System theologist / Physician
- 1598Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp: Naval commander
- 1623Jan Adam Reincken: Composer
- 1629John Commelin: Director (Hortus Botanicus, Amsterdam)
- 1649Andreas Kneller: Composer
- 1697George Baron Anson: British Admiral / explorer
- 1708Friedrich von Hagedorn: German poet (Versuch einiger Poem)
- 1715Johann Friedrich Doles: Composer
- 1728Samuel Wallis: Explorer (Wallis Island)
- 1735Ildephons Haas: Composer
- 1747Alexandre-Auguste Robineau: Composer
- 1756Alexander Reinagle: Composer
- 1775Joseph Mallord Turner: England, United Kingdom -- Landscape painter (Shipwreck)
- 1791James Buchanan: Cove Gap, Pennsylvania -- (Fed / Dem), 15th US President (1857-61)
- 1791W Friedrich Olivier: German landscape painter / cartoonist
- 1804Guillaume Nerenburger: Belgian General (Triangulatie of Belgium)
- 1809Eugene-Prosper Prevost: Composer
- 1810Thomas Wright: Historian
- 1812Louis-Antoine Julien: Conductor
- 1813Stephen Arnold Douglas [Little giant]: US senator (Lincoln debates)
- 1818James Anthony Froude: Historian
- 1818John Gill Shorter: Gov (Confederacy), died in 1872
- 1821Pierre Dupont: Song writer
- 1827Johann F Ritter von Schulte: German Catholic lawyer
- 1828Albert FA: King of Saxon (1873-1902)
- 1838Alfred J Verwee: Flemish painter
- 1852Edwin Markham: United States -- Poet (1st winner of the American Academy of poets Award 1937)
- 1861Edmund Henry Hynman: 1st viscount Allenby of Megiddo / Field Marshal
Died on April 23
- 0034Christ: Crucified, according to Isaac Newton
- 0303George: Knight / Saint / Patron of England, beheaded
- 0871Ethelred I: King of Wessex / Brother of Alfred the Great
- 0990Ekkehart II [Palatinus]: Monk to St-Gallen / poet
- 0997Vojtech "Adalbert" of Prague: 2nd Bishop of Prague / apostle, dies at 40
- 1014Brian Boru: King of Ireland, dies in battle at 87
- 1014Sweyn Forkbeard: Viking King of England (1013-14)
- 1016Aethelbred II "the Unready": King of England (979-1016)
- 1416Blaise / Blasius of Parma: Ital astrologist / philosopher / algebra
- 1616Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: Spanish writer (Don Quixote), dies at 69
- 1616William Shakesphere: Engl Author (Hamlet), dies on his 52nd birthday
- 1625Maurice of Nassau: Prince of Orange, dies at 57
- 1670Loreto Vittori: Composer, dies at 69
- 1695Henry Vaughan: Poet (Silex Scintillans), dies at 72
- 1728Tomas de Torrejon y Velasco: Composer, dies at 83
- 1732Cajetan Kolberer: Composer, dies at 63
- 1740Thomas Tickell: Poet
- 1742Mihael Omerza: Composer, dies at 62
- 1762Johann Samuel Endler: Composer, dies at 67
- 1774Christian Wilhelm Ernst Dietrich: Painter
- 1786Alexander Cozens: English water colors painter, dies at about 68
- 1812Franz Sebastian Haindl: Composer, dies at 85
- 1827Johanna C Wattier-Ziesenis: Actress (Phaedra / Lady MacBeth), dies at 65
- 1847Erik Gustaf Geijer: Composer, dies at 64
- 1850William Wordsworth: Poet, dies at 80
- 1853Auguste Laurent: Chemist
- 1865James Dearing: US Confederate Brigadier General, dies at 24
- 1878Friedrich Preller: Landscape painter
- 1880Guess Saleh [Sarief Bastaman]: Javanese painter
- 1885William Henry Holmes: Composer, dies at 73
Events on Apr 24
- 0858Nicolaas I succeeds Benedict III as pope
- 1288Jews of Yroyes France are accused of ritual murder
- 1311Gen Malik Kafur returns to Delhi after campaign in South India
- 1364Pope Urbabus V names John V van Virneburg as Bishop of Utrecht
- 1524Duke of Bourbon drives Admiral Bonnivet out of Milan
- 1558Queen Mary Stuart of Scotland marries French crown Prince Francois
- 1570Battles between Spanish troops and followers of Sultan Suleiman
- 1596Pacificatie of Ireland drawn
- 1704"Boston News-Letter, " 1st successful newspaper in US, forms
- 1792"La Marseillaise" composed by Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle
- 1800Library of Congress establishes with $5,000 allocation
- 1833Jacob Evert and George Dulty patent soda fountain
- 1833Patent granted for 1st soda fountain
- 1865Fire alarm and police telegraph system put into operation (San Francisco)
- 1867Black demonstrators stage ride-ins on Richmond Va streetcars
- 1871Opera "Aida" is produced (Cairo)
- 1872Volcano Vesuvius erupts
- 1877Last federal occupying troops withdraw from south (New Orleans)
- 1877Russia declares war on Turkey through Romania
- 1884National Medical Association of Black physicians organizes (Atlanta)
- 1888Eastman Kodak forms
- 1891Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Final Problem"
- 1894French cyclist Henri Desgrange rides 100km in world record 2:39:18
- 1894Phillies Lave Cross hits for cycle vs. Brooklyn Dodgers
- 1895Joshua Slocum completes around-the-world voyage in 11-m boat
- 18971st reporter, William Price (Washington Star), assigned to White House
- 1898Spain declares war on US rejecting ultimatum to withdraw from Cuba
- 1898US fleet under commodore Dewey sails from Hong Kong to Philippines
- 1899Transvaal British Uitlanders ask Queen Victoria for aid
- 1900Passing of Andrew Halliday, cable car pioneer
Born on Apr 24
- 1538Gugliemo Gonzaga: Composer
- 1594Benedikt Lechler: Composer
- 1620John Graunt: Statistician, founder of science of demography
- 1660Cornelis Dusart: Dutch painter / engraver
- 1670Christian Ludwig Boxberg: Composer
- 1706Giovanni Battista Martini: Composer
- 1721Johann Philipp Kirnberger: German composer, baptised
- 1742Roman Hoffstetter: Composer
- 1743Edmund Cartwright: England, United Kingdom -- Cleric, inventor (power loom)
- 1750Simon-Antoine-Jean Lhuillier: Switzerland -- Mathematician
- 1773Harman W Muntinghe: Lawyer / Dutch colonial director
- 1791Nikolaj A Bestuzhev: Russia -- Writer / painter (Account about Holland)
- 1796K L Immermann: Writer
- 1804Thomas Oliver Selfridge: Comm (Union Navy)
- 1807Charles Ferguson Smith: Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1862
- 1814Angela Burdett-Coutts: Philanthropist extrordinaire
- 1815Anthony Trollope: England, United Kingdom -- Novelist / poet (Barchester Towers)
- 1815James Edward Harrison: Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1875
- 1822Erastus Barnard Tyler: Bvt Major General (Union volunteers)
- 1824Fournier: Swiss / French postage stamp forger
- 1828Robert Brank Vance: Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1899
- 1829George Peabody Estey: Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1881
- 1836Jeltje de Bosch Kemper: Dutch feminist
- 1837Friedrich von Holstein: German diplomat (die graue Eminenz)
- 1845Carl Spitteler: Switzerland -- Poet (Prometheus & Epimetheus; Nobel 1919)
- 1864George AA Alting van Geusau: Director-General (PTT) / Dutch Minister of War (1918-20)
- 1867Fannie Thomas: Became oldest known American (113 y 273 d at death)
- 1874John Russell Pope: United States -- Architect (Jefferson Memorial)
- 1874Willem E Roelofs: Dutch painter / cartoonist
- 1875Jeno Huszka: Composer
Died on Apr 24
- 0709Wilfried: Bishop of York, dies at about 76
- 0729Egbert[us]: English Bishop / saint, dies in Iona at 89
- 1077Geza I: King of Hungary (1074-7)
- 1185Antoku Taira: Emperor of Japan (1180-85), drowns
- 1530Jacopo Sannazaro: Italian Poet (De partu Virginis)
- 1617Carlo Concino: French Marquis of Ancre / state advisor, murdered
- 1731Daniel Defoe: English Novelist (Robinson Crusoe)
- 1758Florian Wrastill: Composer, dies at 41
- 1776Carolus van de Abeele: Flemish Jesuit, dies at 84
- 1776Giuseppi Paolucci: Composer, dies at 49
- 1824Herman Muntinghe: Theologist (History of Mankind), dies at 71
- 1827Pierre Joseph Candielle: Composer, dies at 82
- 1850Louis Alexandre Piccinni: Composer, dies at 70
- 1855Walenty Karol Kratzer: Composer, dies at 75
- 1875Jose Maria de la Purificacion Ventura: Composer, dies at 58
- 1891Count Helmuth K B von Moltke: Prussian General / Field Marshal
- 1900George J D Campbell: British Minister of Indies (1868-74, 80-85), dies at 76
- 1904Friedrich Siemens: German industrial, dies at 77
- 1917Oskar Blumenthal: Writer
- 1922Richard Batka: Composer, dies at 53
- 1928Ferdinand B Hummel: Composer, dies at 72
- 1935Paul Klengel: Composer, dies at 80
- 1936Alphons Diepenbrock: Composer, dies at 73
- 1936Bernard van Dieren: Composer, dies at 51
- 1939John Foulds: Composer, dies at 58
- 1943Gerardus H de Hare: Socialist vicar, dies at 63
- 1945Anton de Kom: Suriname resistance fighter, dies at 47
- 1945Hubert Bath: Composer, dies at 61
- 1948Joseph Wihtol: Composer, dies at 84
- 1948Manuel Marua Ponce: Mexican Composer (Ferial), dies at 65